NURS 6630 NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NEW
Sample Answer for NURS 6630 NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NEW Included After Question
NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS
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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6630 NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NEW
Title: NURS 6630 NEUROBIOLOGY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE CONCEPTS NEW
Question 1
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Introducing adherence in facilitating treatment goals is something that would be necessary in a patient who has previously displayed nonadherence patterns.
You Answered
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True
Correct Answer
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False
It is introduced as early as possible in treatment to mitigate the risks associated with nonadherence.
Question 2
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G-protein coupled receptors are targets for several psychiatric medications. Given what we know about these receptors, what is the ultimate result we will see when one of them is activated in a way that would potentiate an action?
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- Intracellular activation of second messengers
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- Protein phosphorylation
Correct Answer
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- Modification of gene expression
A and B are both steps in the activities seen leading up to modification of gene expression.
Question 3
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Neurotransmission is unidirectional insofar as chemical and electrical conduction is concerned within the individual neuron. Of the following descriptions, which best characterizes the order of neurotransmitter/receptor interaction that results in an electrical signal impulse and the release of another neurotransmitter for interaction in the synaptic cleft (signal conduction through a neuron)?
You Answered
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Cell body, dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals
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Dendrites, Axon, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals
Correct Answer
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Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals
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Axon terminals, Axon, Cell body, Dendrites
All of the other options are mis-sequenced in signal conduction.
Question 4
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Neurotransmitters are defined by four essential characteristics. These are:
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- Neurotransmitters are synthesized within presynaptic neurons.
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- Depolarization of a neuron results in the release of a neurotransmitter, which exerts a multitude of actions on the postsynaptic neuron.
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- Their action on postsynaptic neurons can be replicated by administering a drug that mimics the activity of the endogenous neurotransmitter.
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- Their action in the synaptic cleft is terminated by a specific action.
Correct Answer
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- A, C, and D only
Answer B should read a “discrete” (not multitude) action on the post synaptic neuron.
Question 5
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Serotonin (5HT) is a neurotransmitter associated with mood, sleep, and psychosis. There are several serotonin receptors all over the human body. A unique aspect of the second generation antipsychotics is their ability to block 5HT2a receptors. What is the effect of this inhibition?
Correct!
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- Stabilizes dopamine concentrations in the CNS
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- Induces anxiety
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- Causes hallucinations
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- Reduces platelet function
B represents antagonism of 5HT1a, C represents a 5HT2a agonist, and D represents what happens when you inhibit SERT.
Question 6
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Glia cells play a supportive role to the neuron. A few of the functions of the glial cells include providing nutrition, maintaining homeostasis, stabilizing synapses, and myelinating axons. The glial cells are categorized as microglia and macroglia. Of these two cell types, which one plays an active and critical role in glutamatergic neurotransmission by providing a co-agonist required for glutamate receptor function?
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microglial
Correct Answer
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macroglial
Microglial cells are small, phagocytic cells related to peripheral macrophages.
Question 7
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G-protein coupled receptors are examples of what type of effector pathway?
Correct Answer
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- Slow effector pathways
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- Rapid effector pathways
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- NMDA glutamate receptor pathways
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- Modulated effector pathways
Answer D is fictitious, B represents ion channel receptors, and C is a type of rapid effector pathway.
Question 8
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Which neurotransmitter is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter?
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- Glycine
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- GABA
Correct!
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- Glutamate
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- Serotonin
A and B are inhibitory, and D is involved in mood and sleep.
Question 9
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When dopamine (subtype 2) receptors are blocked in this pathway (system), it is evident by EPS.
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- Mesocortical
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- Tuberoinfundibular
Correct!
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- Nigrostriatal
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- Mesolimbic
D is associated with positive symptoms in schizophrenia, B is associated with lactation, A is associated with affect.
Question 10
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1Neurons are classified in several different ways. From the following statements, select which ones are true.
- The two structural classifications are projection neurons and local inter-neurons.
- Function classifications are made up of two subcategories: excitatory and inhibitory.
- Histological classification includes bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar.
- Classifications using a combination of structural, functional, and neurotransmitter type provide the most robust and useful description.
- Classification by neurotransmitter type alone provides the most useful description.
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I only
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III only
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I, II, and V only
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I, II, III, IV, and V
Correct Answer
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I, III, and IV
Statement II would need to include modulatory function to be correct, and Statement V does not include structural and functional classification systems.
Question 11
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The human brain is subcategorized into four major structures. These structures include the cerebral cortex, brainstem, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Of these major categories, which one houses the area of the brain that has been found in some neuropathological studies of patients with schizophrenia to be of smaller size?
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Cerebral cortex
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Brainstem
Correct!
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Subcortical structures
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Cerebellum
The area of the brain in question is part of the thalamus, which is located in the subcortical structures. The other options are incorrect, geographically speaking.
Question 12
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Receptors trigger one of two effector pathways resulting in changes in neuronal activity. These changes will, ultimately, effect gene expression. Which effector pathway is characterized by ion flux through transmitter-activated channels resulting in an altered membrane potential and neuronal activity?
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- Slow effector pathways
You Answered
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- Modulated effector pathways
Correct Answer
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- Rapid effector pathways
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- NMDA glutamate receptor pathways
Answer B is fictitious, D is a type of rapid effector pathway, and A represents G-protein coupled receptors.
Question 13
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Upon blocking a Serotonin reuptake pump, what happens in the synaptic cleft and on the post synaptic cell membrane?
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- The result will be an increase in available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic cell to increase the number of Serotonin receptors.
Correct Answer
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- The result will be an increase in the available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic neuron to reduce the number of Serotonin receptors.
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- The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in an increase in reuptake pumps on the presynaptic neuron.
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- The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in a decrease in reuptake pumps on the pre-synaptic neuron.
A, C, and D are misrepresentations of what occurs when you increase Serotonin in the synaptic cleft. There is no effect on the pre-synaptic neuron, and the increases in Serotonin result in a reduction of receptor concentration on the post-synaptic neuron.
Question 14
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Treatment adherence is affected by several different factors. Clinical factors include mood, anxiety, psychosis, and substance misuse. There are also patient factors such as knowledge, attitude, and beliefs; economic and racial/ethnic disparities, and clinical encounters. A patient who presents hopeless, with decreased energy, and poor concentration is affected by which factor?
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Substance misuse
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Knowledge deficits
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Attitude ad belief system
Correct!
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Mood
These are signs of an altered mood.
Question 15
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Of the components of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence, which component includes the following strategies: adaptive thinking, use of cues, and support?
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Motivation
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Skills
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Logistics
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Education
Skills include adaptive thinking, problem solving, use of cues, and support.
Question 16
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Motivation is a component of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence. Based on the transtheoretical model, readiness to change can fluctuate across five stages. Which stage is represented by the patient who is aware that a problem exists and, while seriously thinking about overcoming it, has not yet committed to a plan of action?
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Preparation
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Action
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Contemplation
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Maintenance
Question 17
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The synaptic cleft is best characterized by which of the following statements?
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- The synaptic cleft is the space between a single neuron’s dendrites and axon terminals in which intracellular communication occurs through the release of neurotransmitters allowing for signal conduction throughout the central nervous system.
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- The synaptic cleft is the space between the cell body and axon terminals that allows for release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron for intercellular communication with an adjacent neuron (post synaptic neuron).
Correct Answer
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- The synaptic cleft is an area where dendrites and axon terminals are within close proximity, allowing for the release of a neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron that can interact with receptors on dendritic cells of a post synaptic neuron, which is the main basis for intercellular communication of neurons.
Answer A represents a neuron communicating with itself and Answer B states that the synapse is the space between the cell body (not dendrites) and axon terminals.
Question 18
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If a patient admits to taking his medication every other day (instead of daily, as prescribed), a potential concern would be:
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Sufficient understanding or acceptance of the illness
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Abuse of the medication
Correct Answer
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Expense
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Is the desired effect recognized at a lower daily dose?
A represents a patient taking his medication sporadically, B represents a patient taking too much medication, and D represents a patient taking a lower-than-prescribed dose but daily
Question 19
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Which of the following consists of all the known major neurotransmitters that are relevant in psychiatry?
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glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, steroids, nitric oxide
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glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, endogenous opioids, steroids, cannabinoids, nitric oxide
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glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, endogenous opioids, nitric oxide, cannabinoids, steroids
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glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, steroids, histamine, nitric oxide
all the other options are missing neurotransmitters considered important in psychiatry
Question 20
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A patient arrives in the ED via EMS having a grand mal seizure. The ED physician instructs the RN to give 10 milligrams of Diazepam IV X1 dose STAT. The patient’s seizure breaks within 2 minutes of the Diazepam being administered. The mechanism by which this medication causes rapid resolution of seizure activity is via which receptor type (effector pathway/receptor subtype)?
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- Slow effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor
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- Slow effector pathway/ion channel
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- Rapid effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor
Correct Answer
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- Rapid effector pathway/ion channel
Options B and C are mismatched, and Option A shows effects days to weeks after activation.