MATH 225N Week 4 Discussion: Probability
Sample Answer for MATH 225N Week 4 Discussion: Probability Included After Question
MATH 225N Week 4 Discussion: Probability
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
- OpenStax Textbook: Chapter 2, 3
- Lesson
- Minimum of 1 scholarly source
In your reference for this assignment, be sure to include both your text/class materials AND your outside reading(s).
Initial Post Instructions
Probability plays a major role in the medical community. Diagnoses are based on probabilities. They are really questions or “what if’s”, and are answered by the probability that the treatment will be the best for the ailment.
Let’s look at probability in terms of both the real world and the medical community.
- Survey 30 people to find out if they are left-handed or right-handed, and use the following chart to create a contingency table with the information.
Left handed Right handed Total Female Male Total
- Answer the following questions about the information in your contingency table:
- If a person is randomly selected from the survey participants, what is the probability that the person will be left-handed?
- If you randomly choose a female from the people you surveyed, what is the probability that she is left-handed?
- What is the odds ratio of choosing a left-handed female?
- What is the relative risk of choosing a left-handed female?
Example
| Green | Blue | Total | |
| Cats | 40 (A) | 20 (B) | 60 (A+B) |
| Dogs | 30 (C) | 40 (D) | 70 (C+D) |
| Total | 70 (A+C) | 60 (B+D) | 130 (A+B+C+D) |
- Probability of Green – (A+C)/(A+B+C+D): 70/130 = 0.54
- Probability of Green Cat – A/(A+B): 40/60 = 0.67
- Odds Ratio of Green Cat – (A/B)/(C/D) or AD/BC: (4040)/(2030) = 1600/600 = 2.67
- Relative Risk of Green Cat – [A/(A+C)]/[B/(B+D)]: (40/70)/(20/60) = 1.71
- Skim through at least one of the following articles on left-handed vs. right-handed people from the Chamberlain Library. Answer the following question: How do the probabilities and percentages for your study compare to those in the study you read?
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the dialogue by providing more information and clarification.
Writing Requirements
- Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up)
- APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Grading
This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review the following link:
- Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines
Course Outcomes (CO): 6
Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday
Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday
Greetings Class Members !!
For grading purposes, this particular discussion posting area runs from Sunday Jan 24 through Sunday Jan 31, inclusively.
We explore ( mathematical ) Probability this Week. This includes probability concepts, conditional probability, independence, dependence, event( s ), the concept of “mutually exclusive,” the concept of “complement,” the multiplication rule, and the addition rule.
Please don’t forget to use an “outside” resource as part of the content and documentation for your first Post – the Post which is due on or before Wednesday of the Week – the Post where you make the most major contribution to the Weekly discussion posting area and attempt to address the discussion prompts / cues for the Week. It could possibly include a web site that you discovered on the internet at large, so long as the web site is relevant and substantial and does not violate the Chamberlain University policy for prohibited web sites, and so forth. It could possibly include references / resources that you discover through making use of the online Chamberlain University Library ( please click Resources along the left and then click Library to discover the link to the Chamberlain University online Library ) . 🙂
Check out the link below for some information about concepts such as independence, dependence, mutually exclusive, disjoint, complement, and conditional probability.
Link (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
This is one kind of an example of using an “outside” source / resource to add to what is revealed in our Weekly Lesson in Modules and in our Weekly text book reading.
Please don’t forget to look over the Graded Discussion Posting Rubric each Week to be certain that you are meeting all of the Frequency requirements as well as all of the Quality requirements for graded discussion posting each Week.
If you have any questions about anything, please do not hesitate to post in the Q & A Forum discussion posting area or to send me a direct e-mail message to [email protected]
Thanks Friends and Good Luck ! Work hard and learn a lot !!
Hi Friends and Greetings !!
Please remember that probabilities are NOT percentages and so the answers ( no doubt approximate and rounded off ) in the examples about the green cat above should please be respectively
0.54 0.67 for the two probability questions and
the answer for the odds ratio question should be approximately 2.67 and
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the answer for the relative risk question should be approximately 1.71
You will want to please be very careful how you set up the rows and columns of your two way table ( which is also called a contingency table ) if you are hoping to make a perfect analogy between how the questions were worked out for the green cat and how the questions would be worked out for your left handed females.
Would the analogy work best if you set up your own two way table like this ??
| Left Handed | Right Handed | Total | |
| Females | |||
| Males | |||
| Total |
I am really asking ( this is not rhetorical ) because I am just glancing at this assignment for the first time this morning. 😉
Also your lower right cell here should be 30 .
And the sum of the four cells involving left handed females, right handed females, left handed males, and right handed males should be 30 as well.
That is, you survey 30 humans and each human is placed into one and only one of those 4 possible cells.
Then you compute and fill in column totals and row totals.
Then as you will see the Table Total or the Grand Total in the lower right will be 30 .
Once you set up your contingency table ( two way table ) correctly, answering the 4 questions will be a breeze. But give probabilities with answers like 0.XXXX please !!
DON’T state a percentage as an answer to a probability question.
Try hard to use one of the two provided links to find your “outside” reference / resource this Week 4 .
It would get boring though in a large class if EVERYONE did that. So please do that if you can but if a few Folks choose to find some other “outside” reference / resource this Week ( about left handedness and right handedness issues and trends and data ) that would certainly add some variety and freshness to our Week 4 graded Posting area.
Finally, many of you might make mistakes this Week, even though you have the example provided about the Green Cat( s )
So if you correct each other’s mistakes in follow up Posts, please be polite and sensitive and diplomatic and professional and all that – and I will try hard to do that as well. We are all Friends and fellow learners here.
Thanks Friends and here below are a couple Videos to watch if you are concerned that the one Green Cat( s ) example is not quite enough to make you feel confident and secure about all of this.
Thanks Friends and work hard this Week 4 ! Your commitment and energy and drive and motivation will be put to the test during this Week 4 !!!
Hi Friends and Greetings !!
This Week 4 Recorded Office Hour Video ( from a previous Academic Term ) completely goes through the Week 4 Knewton Homework assignment Contingency Tables TWICE and provides a lot of great examples therefore that not only help you with the corresponding Week 4 Knewton Homework assignment but ALSO the Week 4 graded Posting assignment. 😉
The first time through the assignment there were more odds ratio problems and exercises and the second time through the assignment there were more relative risk problems and exercises.
Both times through the assignment, there were a decent number of conditional probability problems and exercises.
Thanks Friends and this Video should really help you out both with the Week 4 Contingency Tables Knewton homework assignment as well as the Week 4 Graded Discussion Posting assignment.
Good Luck and take good care and best wishes Friends !!