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HCA 807 Should individual health care be provided at public expense?
HCA 807 Should individual health care be provided at public expense?
Should individual health care be provided at public expense? Why or why not?
Although state laws under which not-for-profit organizations are incorporated vary in their requirements, a not-for-profit corporation is barred by its charter from “distributing its net earnings, if any, to individuals who exercise control over it, such as members, officers, directors, or trustees” (Hansmann, 1980:838).6 This key characteristic is referred to as the “nondistribution requirement,” and a variety of managerial and organizational behaviors are thought to follow from it. On the one hand it is seen as providing some assurance of quality and proper performance to consumers who lack the knowledge or information with which to monitor performance adequately. Thus, Hansmann suggests that not-for-profit organizations are a response to contract failure in circumstances that make contracts between consumers and suppliers impractical to write or too costly to monitor. On the other hand the nondistribution constraint is sometimes alleged to cause indifference to consumers and inattention to efficiency, except where resources are tight.
Despite their label, not-for-profit organizations are not prohibited from earning profits (usually caned “surpluses”) from their operations; however, these surpluses generally must be devoted to the further financing and production of the services that the organization was formed to provide. There is debate about whether not-for-profit organizations should be restricted to certain traditional charitable purposes (Hansmann, 1980:839; U.S. Small Business Administration, 1983), but the provision of medical care and the conduct of teaching and research, are clearly qualifying purposes.
Related to, but distinct from, the question of not-for-profit status is the availability to not-for-profit organizations, under certain conditions, of exemptions from federal income taxes (under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code) and from state and local income, property, and sales taxes. Since many not-for-profit organizations own valuable property and earn healthy surpluses, these are significant advantages.
Not-for-profit organizations can be distinguished from each other by two attributes: their control and their financing. “Membership” or “mutual” not-for-profit organizations (such as country clubs or professional associations) are controlled by the organization’s patrons or members, who elect the board of directors (Hansmann, 1980:841; Horty and Mulholland, 1983:20). “Non-membership” not-for-profit organizations are controlled by a self-perpetuating board, which is a common pattern among not-for-profit nursing homes and hospitals. On the financing side, not-for-profit organizations can be distinguished according to the degree to which they derive their income from donations or from charges for the services they provide.7 The not-for-profit organization that derives its income primarily from charges for services is largely a creature of the post-World War II period, when the growth of private and public third-party payment programs effectively monetized health care (Ginzberg, 1984).
Many statements have been made over the years about the goals and ideals that not-for-profit health care organizations (and their boards) should pursue—they should be responsive to community health care needs, they should be responsible and efficient custodians of the resources entrusted to them, they should provide service to all who need it without regard to ability to pay, and so forth. Over the years certain criticisms have been recurrent—that administrators and trustees (1) are insufficiently critical of physicians’ requests for new equipment and facilities, (2) are motivated not by trying to meet all of the community’s medical needs but by a growth imperative stemming from the desire for prestige and power, and (3) are not interested enough in sound management, in part because the nondistribution requirement prevents their sharing any surplus that might be created and because association with independent hospitals tends to tie administrators to a particular community rather than to put them on the career ladder of a larger organization.
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Communication
Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation
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Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to
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Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.
Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.
I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!
Hi Class,
Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.
Contact me if you have any questions.
Important information on Writing a Discussion Question
- Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
- There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
- Include in-text citations in your response
- Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
- Follow APA-7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor
- A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
- Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
- Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
- Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
- Follow APA 7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
- Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
- Here are some helpful links
- Student paper example
- Citing Sources
- The Writing Center is a great resource