BIO 316 In an emergency situation, what do you think are your responsibilities and limitations

In an emergency situation, what do you think are your responsibilities and limitations? Compare these to the responsibilities of the other responder.

These guidelines were produced to improve the quality of blood specimens and the safety of
phlebotomy for health workers and patients, by promoting best practices in phlebotomy.
In April 2008, the WHO Injection Safety programme – part of the Department of Essential
Health Technologies (EHT) at WHO Headquarters in Geneva – convened a consultation on best
practices for phlebotomy and blood collection. The consultation included special categories, such
as arterial blood sampling, capillary blood sampling and paediatric blood collection. A working
group of international experts and colleagues from WHO departments identified the need for
phlebotomy guidelines, and this document was produced in response.

This document provides guidance on the steps recommended for safe phlebotomy, and reiterates
the accepted principles for drawing and collecting blood. The guidelines are based on a literature
review that focused on identifying systematic literature reviews and evidence relating specifically
to phlebotomy practices in developing countries. Draft guidelines and evidence were reviewed by
an expert panel, who reached consensus on the recommendations.
xiv WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best practices in phlebotomy.

BIO 316 In an emergency situation, what do you think are your responsibilities and limitations

Protecting patients

To reduce the risk of adverse effects for patients, health workers undertaking phlebotomy need
to be trained in procedures specific to the types of specimen they collect. Such procedures may
include arterial sampling, capillary sampling, blood culture collection and venous blood draws.
Health workers who collect specimens from children and infants will need special training and
practice for these procedures. Phlebotomists working in settings with more technology may be
trained in techniques for plasma and red cell exchange, photophoresis, stem cell collection and
cord blood collection. Health workers may need to collect specimens from in-dwelling central
lines or arterial lines. Training should include techniques that ensure that the specimen collected
will be adequate, and measures that reduce the risk of contamination, clerical error, infection
and injury.

When taking blood, health workers should wear well-fitting, non-sterile gloves, and should also
carry out hand hygiene before and after each patient procedure, before putting on gloves and
after removing them. The blood should be taken in a dedicated location that ensures patient
comfort and privacy. To remove the risk of environmental contamination with pathogens,
counter and work surfaces, and chair arms should be cleaned with disinfectant at the start
of each shift and when visibly dirty. To prevent infections and other adverse events, health
workers should follow the guidelines on patient identification, hand hygiene, use of gloves, skin
disinfection, use of appropriate blood-sampling devices and safe transportation of laboratory
samples.
Patient consent and cooperation are important components of respecting patient rights. A
patient information leaflet or poster that explains the procedure in simple terms is helpful.

Protecting health workers

Best practices in phlebotomy protect health workers as well as patients. One way to reduce
accidental injury and blood exposure among health workers is to use safety (i.e. engineered)
devices such as retractable lancets, syringes with needle covers or retractable needles and, when
appropriate, plastic laboratory tubes. Another approach is to eliminate two-handed needle
recapping and manual device disassembly, and instead dispose of the sharps into a punctureresistant sharps container (i.e. a safety container) immediately after use. The best practice is
to discard the needle and syringe, or needle and tube holder, as a single unit, into a sharps
container that is clearly visible and within arm’s reach. The size of the container should permit
disposal of the entire device rather than just the needle.
Institutions should conduct surveillance on sharps injuries and accidental exposure to blood, so
that preventable factors can be identified. Support services should also be available for health
workers accidentally exposed to blood.

These should include immunization with hepatitis B
before assuming duties that include potential exposure to blood and body fluids, and post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and hepatitis B. All health-care facilities should display clear
instructions for procedures to follow in case of accidental exposure to blood and body fluids.
These guidelines also outline the responsibilities of managerial staff, including provision of:
• gloves in multiple sizes, single-use disposable needles, and syringes or lancing devices in
sufficient numbers to ensure that each patient has a sterile needle and collection device or
equivalent for each blood sampling;
• sufficient laboratory sample tubes to prevent reuse and manual washing

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Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

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Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

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Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
Include in-text citations in your response
Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
Follow APA-7th edition
Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
Follow APA 7th edition
Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
Here are some helpful links
Student paper example
Citing Sources
The Writing Center is a great resource