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Assignment 1 \u2013 Name the six original \u201cHallmarks\u201d of cancer<\/h1>\n

Name BIOS 450\/550 Assignment 1 \u2013 Recap of main points from the first 8 classes (25 points) 1. Name the six original \u201cHallmarks\u201d of cancer (3) 2. What feature of a tumor does a pathologist assess to distinguish between benign and malignant? (1) 3. Is most cancer thought to be driven by genetics or environmental factors? What are two pieces of evidence that support this conclusion? (2) 4. Work with tumor viruses greatly advanced the field of cancer research. What did the work of Harold Varmus and Michael Bishop accomplish \u2013 that has since served as the foundation of cancer biology? (1) 5. Likewise, what are the two contributions that Howard Temin made through his work with retroviruses? What is a provirus? (2) 6. What was the first oncogene isolated? What kind of protein does it encode? (1) 7. Define the following terms discussed multiple times in class, as they relate to oncogenesis: (4) Proto-oncogene Oncogene GOF CA 8. What kind of proteins are most growth factor receptors? Name 3 mechanisms by which growth factor receptors can become oncogenic (3) 9. v-sis and v-erbB are two viral oncoproteins that cause tumors in host animals. What type of protein is each one? (2) 10. Likewise, what are three general mechanisms by which \u201csustained proliferative signaling\u201d, the first hallmark, can be driven? (I\u2019m not looking for specific proteins\/names, but rather at what level can that be accomplished?) (3) 11. Mutated Ras has pleiotropic effects on a cell. Define pleiotropic, and indicate what three major cellular signaling pathways Ras activates (3)<\/p>\n