Psychological disorders, such as depression, bipolar, and anxiety disorders can present several complications for patients of all ages. These disorders affect patients physically and emotionally, potentially impacting judgment, school and\/or job performance, and relationships with family and friends. Since these disorders have many drastic effects on patients\u2019 lives, it is important for advanced practice nurses to effectively manage patient care. With patient factors and medical history in mind, it is the advanced practice nurse\u2019s responsibility to ensure the safe and effective diagnosis, treatment, and education of patients with psychological disorders.<\/p>\n
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a psychological condition that affects 6.1 million Americans, or 3.1% of the US Population. Despite several treatment options, only 43.2% of those suffering from GAD receive treatment. This week you will review several different classes of medication used in the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. You will examine potential impacts of pharmacotherapeutics used in the treatment of GAD. Please focus your assignment on FDA approved indications when referring to different medication classes used in the treatment of GAD.<\/p>\n
RESOURCES<\/h2>\n
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
\nClick the weekly resources link to access the resources.<\/p>\n
WEEKLY RESOURCES<\/strong><\/a><\/h2>\nTo Prepare:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n- Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.<\/li>\n
- Reflect on your experiences, observations, and\/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.<\/li>\n
- Consider factors that might have influenced the patient\u2019s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and\/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.<\/li>\n
- Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history with GAD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
BY DAY 3 OF WEEK 8<\/h2>\n
Post<\/strong>\u00a0a discussion of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics related to anxiolytic medications used to treat GAD. In your discussion, utilizing the discussion highlights, compare and contrast different treatment options that can be used.<\/p>\nBY DAY 6 OF WEEK 8<\/h2>\n
Read<\/strong>\u00a0a selection of your colleagues\u2019 responses and\u00a0respond<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0at least two<\/strong>\u00a0of your colleagues on\u00a0two different days<\/strong>\u00a0by suggesting additional factors that might have interfered with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patients diagnosed with GAD. In addition, suggest different treatment options you would suggest to treat a patient with the topic of discussion.<\/p>\nNote:<\/strong>\u00a0For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the\u00a0Reply<\/strong>\u00a0button to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on\u00a0Post Reply<\/strong>, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on\u00a0Post Reply<\/strong>!<\/p>\nA Sample Answer For the Assignment: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\nTitle: <\/strong> COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\nSummary of Patient Case Study<\/strong><\/h3>\nA 71-year-old Asian man with a history of GAD, which was caused by diabetes and hypertension<\/a>, was presented to our inpatient psychiatric clinic. He was mainly brought for stabilization and long-term medication. The information gathered from the family stated that the patient had refused oral food intake for about thirty hours, was isolative in his room, and had increased confusion. The diagnosis also showed a history of GAD in the patient\u2019s family, especially among aged people. After admitting him to our clinic, the clinical presentation of the patient depicted a transformed level of consciousness. I took three imperative decisions I thought could help him. They include: stabilizing him, performing psychotherapy, and administering relevant medication.<\/p>\nEvaluation of My Decisions<\/strong><\/h2>\nI believe the decisions I provided were supported by evidence-based literature. According to Watts et al. (2020), psychotherapy involves working with therapists to reduce the level of GAD. For example, in our case, I recommended the therapist to use behavioral therapy because it was the most effective psychotherapy for GAD. On the other hand, stabilizing the patient is imperative because it ensures the conditions of the patient are within the healthy range (Savioli et al., 2020). For example, in our case, I recommended calming the patient to regain his level of consciousness.\u00a0 Lastly, I recommended the patient’s medication because it could ease symptoms and prevent or halt hypertension and diabetic conditions (Wilhelmsen & Eriksson, 2019). Medication was the heart of everything because the patient\u2019s issues were beyond anxiety disorders.<\/p>\n
Objectives of My Decisions<\/strong><\/h2>\nFirst, I hoped behavioral therapy could help the patient manage various GAD-related symptoms, such as anxiety and stress. I also expected this treatment option could help the patient cope with negative emotions. Second, I hoped the medication decisions I recommended, such as Crestor 20mg daily, Lantus insulin 10 units daily, Metformin 70mg daily, Lithium 300mg daily, and hydrochlorothiazide 25mg daily, could help the patient improve his hypertension and diabetic conditions. Lastly, I hoped the patient would be stable after recommending a stabilization program in the emergency room. I also expected his pressure to normalize after calming him by providing personal attention.<\/p>\n
Differences between Expectations and Results<\/strong><\/h2>\nIn psychotherapy, the expected results were attained. For example, the patient coped with adverse emotions and managed his anxiety and stress. He calmed down and started conversing with me. On the other hand, the prescribed medication also responded positively as planned. For example, in this decision, I aimed to improve the patient\u2019s diabetic condition, which came down to manageable levels. Therefore, there was no difference between the anticipated and results. Lastly, the objectives of my decision to stabilize the patient aligned with the outcomes. For example, the patient’s hypertension was very high, but I managed to bring it to normal levels.<\/p>\n
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Processes<\/strong><\/h2>\nIn the pharmacokinetics process, the medication I recommended, especially oral medication, undergoes three stages. Absorption is the first stage, where the medicine is ingested and passed through the stomach into the intestine linings. The second stage is distribution, where the drugs pass through the liver and intestines into the bloodstream. The third stage is metabolism, where the drug undergoes glucuronidation and oxidation. The last stage is the excretion of the medicine, mainly through the functioning of the kidney. The pharmacodynamics commences when the drug reaches the target organ or tissue. The drug may involve enzyme inhibition or cause presynaptic or postsynaptic effects on the patient. The final part of pharmacodynamics involves cellular response and signal transduction.<\/p>\n![\"COMPARING](\"http:\/\/nursingassignmentcrackers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/COMPARING-AND-CONTRASTING-PHARMACOLOGIC-OPTIONS-FOR-THE-TREATMENT-OF-GENERALIZED-ANXIETY-DISORDER-NURS-6521-1-300x138.png\")
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n <\/p>\n
Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n![\"COMPARING](\"https:\/\/nursingassignmentcrackers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/COMPARING-AND-CONTRASTING-PHARMACOLOGIC-OPTIONS-FOR-THE-TREATMENT-OF-GENERALIZED-ANXIETY-DISORDER-NURS-6521-300x124.png\")
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/figcaption><\/figure>\ngiving treatment. Situational anxiety can be normal and is common. Like for example:
\nfeeling anxious with job interview, first day of school or giving presentation to a class or
\nlarge group. The pharmacologic treatment are the following: Xanax (Alprazolam),
\nKlonopin (Clonazepam), Ativan (Lorazepam)-to manage anxiety attack. Psychotherapy
\nis recommended such as: Cognitive- Behavioral therapy or exposure therapy (Cherry,
\nK.2020).<\/p>\n
I have resident here in Assisted living- a 93 year old Caucasian female who were
\nadmitted in the facility with a Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorder, Unspecified. She is
\ncoherent, conversant and independent of her ADLs. This resident has no other health
\nissues but when anxiety attack especially in the afternoon she would walk and find a
\nway to release her anxiety until she had an incident of fall which she had hip and arm
\nfracture.<\/p>\n
A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\nTitle: <\/strong> COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\nGeneralized anxiety disorder is a chronic illness characterized by pervasive, widespread anxiety affecting several domains. It usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood and persists throughout life (Strawn et al., 2018). In terms of management, both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy methods should be used together for maximum outcomes. Drugs used for the management of GAD include antidepressants like Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs), benzodiazepines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi), tricyclics antidepressants (TCAs), and second-generation antipsychotics (Melaragno, 2021). The first line is either an SSRI or SNRI. The purpose of this paper is to compare various GAD pharmacotherapies.<\/p>\n
Comparison<\/strong><\/h2>\nMost of the agents used in the management of GAD function by increasing serotonin concentration except for benzodiazepines (Stein, 2021). SSRIs inhibit serotonin reuptake hence increasing the synaptic concentration, SSNRIs inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin, second-generation agents like olanzapine and risperidone inhibit both dopamine and serotonin receptors thus increasing their concentrations, MAOi inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase which deactivates dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine thus increasing their concentrations, and TCAs block norepinephrine transporter and are potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (Garakani et al., 2020). Benzodiazepines bind GABA A receptors and act as allosteric modulators hence potentiating the effects of endogenic GABA. In both long and short terms of treatment, SSRIs have a broad spectrum in terms of efficacy, TCAs have a slow onset of anxiolytic action and a wide range of adverse effects on the other hand benzodiazepines have been discouraged because of the risk of drug dependence.<\/p>\n
Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\nIn adults, either SSRIs or SNRIs can be the first-line agents while in the pediatric age group, the first-line drug is an SSRI. Newer agents with better pharmacologic profiles are being discovered, the latest of which is agomelatine which is both a melatonin receptor agonist and a serotonin receptor antagonist. It has efficacy and tolerability profiles that compare favorably with escitalopram.<\/p>\n
References<\/strong><\/h2>\nGarakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2020). Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: Current and emerging treatment options.\u00a0Frontiers in Psychiatry<\/em>,\u00a011<\/em>, 595584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.595584<\/a><\/p>\nMelaragno, A. J. (2021). Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders: From first-line options to treatment resistance.\u00a0Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)<\/em>,\u00a019<\/em>(2), 145\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.20200048<\/a><\/p>\nStein, D. J. (2021). Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of generalised anxiety disorder: Focus on agomelatine.\u00a0Advances in Therapy<\/em>,\u00a038<\/em>(Suppl 2), 52\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-021-01860-1<\/a><\/p>\n
- \n
- Review the Resources for this module and consider the principles of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.<\/li>\n
- Reflect on your experiences, observations, and\/or clinical practices from the last 5 years and think about how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors altered his or her anticipated response to a drug.<\/li>\n
- Consider factors that might have influenced the patient\u2019s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes, such as genetics (including pharmacogenetics), gender, ethnicity, age, behavior, and\/or possible pathophysiological changes due to disease.<\/li>\n
- Think about a personalized plan of care based on these influencing factors and patient history with GAD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
BY DAY 3 OF WEEK 8<\/h2>\n
Post<\/strong>\u00a0a discussion of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics related to anxiolytic medications used to treat GAD. In your discussion, utilizing the discussion highlights, compare and contrast different treatment options that can be used.<\/p>\n
BY DAY 6 OF WEEK 8<\/h2>\n
Read<\/strong>\u00a0a selection of your colleagues\u2019 responses and\u00a0respond<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0at least two<\/strong>\u00a0of your colleagues on\u00a0two different days<\/strong>\u00a0by suggesting additional factors that might have interfered with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patients diagnosed with GAD. In addition, suggest different treatment options you would suggest to treat a patient with the topic of discussion.<\/p>\n
Note:<\/strong>\u00a0For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the\u00a0Reply<\/strong>\u00a0button to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on\u00a0Post Reply<\/strong>, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on\u00a0Post Reply<\/strong>!<\/p>\n
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Title: <\/strong> COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Summary of Patient Case Study<\/strong><\/h3>\n
A 71-year-old Asian man with a history of GAD, which was caused by diabetes and hypertension<\/a>, was presented to our inpatient psychiatric clinic. He was mainly brought for stabilization and long-term medication. The information gathered from the family stated that the patient had refused oral food intake for about thirty hours, was isolative in his room, and had increased confusion. The diagnosis also showed a history of GAD in the patient\u2019s family, especially among aged people. After admitting him to our clinic, the clinical presentation of the patient depicted a transformed level of consciousness. I took three imperative decisions I thought could help him. They include: stabilizing him, performing psychotherapy, and administering relevant medication.<\/p>\n
Evaluation of My Decisions<\/strong><\/h2>\n
I believe the decisions I provided were supported by evidence-based literature. According to Watts et al. (2020), psychotherapy involves working with therapists to reduce the level of GAD. For example, in our case, I recommended the therapist to use behavioral therapy because it was the most effective psychotherapy for GAD. On the other hand, stabilizing the patient is imperative because it ensures the conditions of the patient are within the healthy range (Savioli et al., 2020). For example, in our case, I recommended calming the patient to regain his level of consciousness.\u00a0 Lastly, I recommended the patient’s medication because it could ease symptoms and prevent or halt hypertension and diabetic conditions (Wilhelmsen & Eriksson, 2019). Medication was the heart of everything because the patient\u2019s issues were beyond anxiety disorders.<\/p>\n
Objectives of My Decisions<\/strong><\/h2>\n
First, I hoped behavioral therapy could help the patient manage various GAD-related symptoms, such as anxiety and stress. I also expected this treatment option could help the patient cope with negative emotions. Second, I hoped the medication decisions I recommended, such as Crestor 20mg daily, Lantus insulin 10 units daily, Metformin 70mg daily, Lithium 300mg daily, and hydrochlorothiazide 25mg daily, could help the patient improve his hypertension and diabetic conditions. Lastly, I hoped the patient would be stable after recommending a stabilization program in the emergency room. I also expected his pressure to normalize after calming him by providing personal attention.<\/p>\n
Differences between Expectations and Results<\/strong><\/h2>\n
In psychotherapy, the expected results were attained. For example, the patient coped with adverse emotions and managed his anxiety and stress. He calmed down and started conversing with me. On the other hand, the prescribed medication also responded positively as planned. For example, in this decision, I aimed to improve the patient\u2019s diabetic condition, which came down to manageable levels. Therefore, there was no difference between the anticipated and results. Lastly, the objectives of my decision to stabilize the patient aligned with the outcomes. For example, the patient’s hypertension was very high, but I managed to bring it to normal levels.<\/p>\n
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Processes<\/strong><\/h2>\n
In the pharmacokinetics process, the medication I recommended, especially oral medication, undergoes three stages. Absorption is the first stage, where the medicine is ingested and passed through the stomach into the intestine linings. The second stage is distribution, where the drugs pass through the liver and intestines into the bloodstream. The third stage is metabolism, where the drug undergoes glucuronidation and oxidation. The last stage is the excretion of the medicine, mainly through the functioning of the kidney. The pharmacodynamics commences when the drug reaches the target organ or tissue. The drug may involve enzyme inhibition or cause presynaptic or postsynaptic effects on the patient. The final part of pharmacodynamics involves cellular response and signal transduction.<\/p>\n
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n <\/p>\n
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n giving treatment. Situational anxiety can be normal and is common. Like for example:
\nfeeling anxious with job interview, first day of school or giving presentation to a class or
\nlarge group. The pharmacologic treatment are the following: Xanax (Alprazolam),
\nKlonopin (Clonazepam), Ativan (Lorazepam)-to manage anxiety attack. Psychotherapy
\nis recommended such as: Cognitive- Behavioral therapy or exposure therapy (Cherry,
\nK.2020).<\/p>\nI have resident here in Assisted living- a 93 year old Caucasian female who were
\nadmitted in the facility with a Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorder, Unspecified. She is
\ncoherent, conversant and independent of her ADLs. This resident has no other health
\nissues but when anxiety attack especially in the afternoon she would walk and find a
\nway to release her anxiety until she had an incident of fall which she had hip and arm
\nfracture.<\/p>\nA Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Title: <\/strong> COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER NURS 6521<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Generalized anxiety disorder is a chronic illness characterized by pervasive, widespread anxiety affecting several domains. It usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood and persists throughout life (Strawn et al., 2018). In terms of management, both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy methods should be used together for maximum outcomes. Drugs used for the management of GAD include antidepressants like Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs), benzodiazepines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi), tricyclics antidepressants (TCAs), and second-generation antipsychotics (Melaragno, 2021). The first line is either an SSRI or SNRI. The purpose of this paper is to compare various GAD pharmacotherapies.<\/p>\n
Comparison<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Most of the agents used in the management of GAD function by increasing serotonin concentration except for benzodiazepines (Stein, 2021). SSRIs inhibit serotonin reuptake hence increasing the synaptic concentration, SSNRIs inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin, second-generation agents like olanzapine and risperidone inhibit both dopamine and serotonin receptors thus increasing their concentrations, MAOi inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase which deactivates dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine thus increasing their concentrations, and TCAs block norepinephrine transporter and are potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (Garakani et al., 2020). Benzodiazepines bind GABA A receptors and act as allosteric modulators hence potentiating the effects of endogenic GABA. In both long and short terms of treatment, SSRIs have a broad spectrum in terms of efficacy, TCAs have a slow onset of anxiolytic action and a wide range of adverse effects on the other hand benzodiazepines have been discouraged because of the risk of drug dependence.<\/p>\n
Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n
In adults, either SSRIs or SNRIs can be the first-line agents while in the pediatric age group, the first-line drug is an SSRI. Newer agents with better pharmacologic profiles are being discovered, the latest of which is agomelatine which is both a melatonin receptor agonist and a serotonin receptor antagonist. It has efficacy and tolerability profiles that compare favorably with escitalopram.<\/p>\n
References<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2020). Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: Current and emerging treatment options.\u00a0Frontiers in Psychiatry<\/em>,\u00a011<\/em>, 595584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.595584<\/a><\/p>\n
Melaragno, A. J. (2021). Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders: From first-line options to treatment resistance.\u00a0Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)<\/em>,\u00a019<\/em>(2), 145\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.focus.20200048<\/a><\/p>\n
Stein, D. J. (2021). Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of generalised anxiety disorder: Focus on agomelatine.\u00a0Advances in Therapy<\/em>,\u00a038<\/em>(Suppl 2), 52\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-021-01860-1<\/a><\/p>\n