At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some, such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson\u2019s Disease, occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Understanding of signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.\u202f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Read<\/span><\/b> a selection of your colleagues\u2019 responses.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Respond<\/span><\/b> to <\/span>at least two<\/span><\/b> of your colleagues on <\/span>2 different days <\/span><\/b>and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague\u2019s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n The<\/span> disease highlighted in the scenario is Tonsillitis.\u202f The 16-year-old boy complained of a sore throat for 3 days and denies fever\/ chilis. He has no PMHx of recurrent colds influenza, ear infections, or pneumonia. Vital signs on physical examination were within the normal range.\u202f The HEENT was also normal except for reddened posterior pharynx with white exudate on tonsils that are enlarged to 3+. Positive anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy, as well as positive rapid strep test performed in the doctor\u2019s office presents the common signs and symptoms of tonsillitis.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils caused by infections with a common virus or bacterial infections such as group A Streptococcus. According to Mayo Clinic (2020), <\/span>the tonsils are the immune system’s first line of defense against bacteria and viruses that enter your mouth. This function may make the tonsils particularly vulnerable to infection and inflammation. However, the tonsil’s immune system function declines after puberty, a factor that may account for the rare cases of tonsillitis in adults.<\/span> Tonsillitis often affects children, and tonsillitis caused by bacteria is most common in children 5 ages to mid-teenage.<\/span> Inflammation of the tonsils can cause complications such as disrupted breathing during sleep (obstructive sleep apnea), an infection that spreads deep into the surrounding tissue (tonsillar cellulitis), an infection that results in a collection of pus behind a tonsil (peritonsillar abscess).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u202f<\/span>Host genetic variations play an important role in several pathogenic diseases. Therefore the genetic variations in this context of tonsillitis play an equally significant role to contribute to differences in susceptibility and clinical outcomes of invasive group A\u202f<\/span>Streptococcus<\/span><\/i> (Krishnan et al, 2016).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The alteration of the mast cells involved in this process, \u202fdue to the inflammatory response of the phagocytic cells (neutrophils, B-cells, and T-cells extravasation) made the patient present with the specific symptoms described in the scenario (Khan Academy, 2010).\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario is an <\/span>anaphylactic response mediated by IgE antibodies that are produced by the immune system in response to the antibiotic the patient ingested. These antibodies (IgE) bind to mast cells and basophils, which contain histamine granules that are released in the reaction and cause inflammation \u202f<\/span>(<\/span>Justiz Vaillant &Zito, 2019). I think this response occurred because the efficacy or sensitivity of the amoxicillin was not compatible with the boy\u2019s variant dominant genes. According to McCance & Huether (2019), Several genes are now known to be associated with sensitivity to specific therapeutic drugs, and people are sometimes tested for variants in these genes to help guide drug treatment. A patient with different characteristics of the genes without sensitivity to the amoxicillin will respond well with positive outcomes.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u202f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Khan Academy. (2010). Inflammatory Response\/ Human Anatomy and Physiology\/ Health & Medicine<\/span><\/p>\n\n . Retrieved from <\/span>https:\/\/www.you<\/span><\/a> tube .com\/watch?v=FxSuEIMrPQK.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u202f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Justiz- Vaillant, A.A., and Zito, P.M. (2019). Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions. In <\/span>Statpearls<\/span><\/i>. Treasure Island, FL: Statpearls Publishing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513315.<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Krishnan<\/span>, K.C., <\/span>Mukundan, S.,<\/span> Alagarsamy, J., Laturnus, D., Kotb, M. (2016).\u202f <\/span>\u202fHost Genetic Variations and Sex Differences Potentiate Predisposition, Severity, and Outcomes of Group A\u202f<\/span>Streptococcus<\/span><\/i>-Mediated Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Iai.asm.org>content. <\/span>DOI:<\/span><\/b>\u202f10.1128\/IAI.01191-15.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u202f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u202f<\/span>McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). <\/span>Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children<\/span><\/i> (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby\/Elsevier.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u202f2. Physiologic responses:<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>People who are hypersensitive produce an antibody known as immuno globulin called Inge, on its first exposure to a given allergen. The produced antibodies bind to a type of white blood cells called basophils and mast cells that are found in the blood stream (<\/span>Howard, Wiesch, Koppelman, Postma, Meyers, & Bleecker, 1999).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>On the second exposure to allergens, the antigens or allergens proceed to combine with the attached antibodies and form antigen-antibody reaction. This reaction breaks the mast cells or basophils and therefore release of inflammatory mediators. An example of inflammatory mediator produced is histamine or cytokines. Due to contraction of the bronchiole\u2019s smooth muscles, then there occurs wheezing and difficulties when breathing. Also, the effect of inflammatory mediators causes vasodilation and thus there occurs fluid leakage from the blood vessels which results to swelling and edema (<\/span>Mori, Cianferoni, Barni, Pucci, Rossi, & Novembre, 2015).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Examples of the cells mainly involved in allergic reactions are mast cells, eosinophils as well as basophils. In terms of gender, the females (girls and women) are likely to suffer more from reactions resulting from allergens as compared to the boys and men who are above 18 months.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>To easily diagnose allergies that result from consumption of food, a method called challenge testing is used for diagnosis. The method involves the removal of some food elements in one\u2019s diet and for a particular period of time and then recording any symptoms when the food is eaten again.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>A more scientific test for an allergy in the blood checks the blood for antibodies towards a given allergen. Antibodies refers to protein substances that are produced by the body to fight substances considered to be harmful. Blood testing method is more preferable to other tests.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Genetics:<\/span> this refers to the study of transmission of different traits from the parents to the offsprings. Genetics study is useful as it helps\u202fexplain\u202fthe uniqueness found in family members and also explain why some diseases are likely to run in other families.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>The tendency of families to develop allergic conditions is genetically linked and referred to as atopic. The children born in atopic families are susceptible to allergic reactions. As well, the children who are born in families where the parents do not have history of an allergic disease have fewer tendencies to face allergic reactions (<\/span>Ballesta, 1998).<\/span> However for the children born in families with history of allergic reactions, they only are susceptible to allergies other than a specific allergic condition.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>These traits are most of the allergies that result from food consumption can be genetically explained. Individuals with a history of allergy are likely and prone to experience allergy. Children who are faced by allergic reactions normally follow a pattern where and undergo a series of conditions that are allergic that is known as allergic march. Other causes of allergies apart from genetics include environmental conditions and\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Ballesta, F. (1998). Genetics and allergy.\u202f<\/span>Allergologia et immunopathologia<\/span><\/i>,\u202f<\/span>26<\/span><\/i>(3), 83-86.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Howard, T. D., Wiesch, D. G., Koppelman, G. H., Postma, D. S., Meyers, D. A., & Bleecker, E. R. (1999). Genetics of allergy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.\u202f<\/span>Clinical & Experimental Allergy<\/span><\/i>,\u202f<\/span>29<\/span><\/i>, 86-89.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Mori, F., Cianferoni, A., Barni, S., Pucci, N., Rossi, M. E., & Novembre, E. (2015). Amoxicillin allergy in children: five-day drug provocation test in the diagnosis of nonimmediate reactions.\u202f<\/span>The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice<\/span><\/i>,\u202f<\/span>3<\/span><\/i>(3), 375-380.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The boy in the scenario was being treated with amoxicillin due to his positive rapid strep test and symptoms.\u202f\u202fCommon symptoms include fever, red swollen tonsils, purulent tonsils, pain when swallowing, petechiae, odynophagia, and swollen lymph nodes (CDC, 2021). His local symptoms of inflammation involve vascular changes and leakage into the tissues (McNance & Huether, 2019). The redness and swelling are due to increased blood flow to the area from vasodilation. Capillaries dilate and allow white blood cells to leak into the infected area. His pain is from the increased pressure on the tissues from the accumulation of fluids in the area. The purulent exudate is the end result of phagocytizing cells dying in the area and being eliminated through epithelial tissue in the throat. These cells have already reached maturity and cannot replicate anymore.\u202f\u202fThey are also sensitive to the acidic environment of the body, so they die after performing their immunological duties (McCance & Huether, 2019). The lymphatic system is the reason for the anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy. Lymphatic channels transport body fluids from the infection site to nodules. These nodules are swollen due to fluid shifts. The nodes act as a processing center introducing the invaders to B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages that reside in the nodes (NCBI, 2021). The immune system analyses the invaders and is able to fine tune its response.\u202f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The physiologic response to the amoxicillin was a type 1 hypersensitivity response. Cells in the body saw amoxicillin as a threat and started an inflammatory immune response. It all begins with mast cells. Mast cells line skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue. They can be activated by injury, chemicals, adaptive immune responses, or recognizing molecular patterns of viruses and bacteria (McCance & Huether, 2019). Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a chemical floating in blood plasm, binds to mast cells causing the release prostaglandins, interleukins, leukotrienes, and histamine through a process called degranulation. Mast cells also release chemicals that attract neutrophils and eosinophils to sites of injury where they phagocytose foreign invaders to the body. Histamine is the most important chemical in this reaction. When it binds to the H1 receptor it causes hives, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, and increased mucous production. This allows phagocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells to enter the injured area. Red blood cells (RBCs), other body fluids, along with all white blood cells pass through causing edema to the affected areas. All of this extra fluid responding to the threat caused edema to his tongue, lips, airway and increased secretion of lung tissues. This is an urgent issue as it leads to airway compromise which is life threatening.\u202f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Strep throat is seen more in children than adults, especially ages five to 15 (CDC, 2018). Crowded areas such as schools and daycare centers increase risk of transmission (CDC, 2018). As of late, the quarantine has kept children at home so this could be slowing the spread. He is on the high end of the age for those children getting strep throat, but his social situation can also influence it.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Genetic factors play a role too. Approximately ten percent of all U.S. patients report having allergies to a penicillin class antibiotic in their past (CDC, n.d.). Parents can pass down allergies through genetics (NCBI, 2014). This is why it is a good idea to have children tested for allergies when they are younger. That way severe allergic reactions can be anticipated, and life-threatening situations can be avoided.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (n.d.) Is it really a penicillin allergy? https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/community\/pdfs\/penicillin-factsheet.pdf<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n![\"NURS](\"http:\/\/nursingassignmentcrackers.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Capture-5-4-300x88.png\")
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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Alterations in Cellular Processes<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Title: NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Alterations in Cellular Processes<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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\u202f<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Week 1 Discussion.\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n
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A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Alterations in Cellular Processes<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Title: NURS 6521 Week 1 Discussion Alterations in Cellular Processes<\/strong><\/h2>\n