The rising rate of Body Dysmorphic Disorder amongst adolescents and the affects of social media.

The rising rate of Body Dysmorphic Disorder amongst adolescents and the affects of social media.

The rising rate of Body Dysmorphic Disorder amongst adolescents and the affects of social media.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. APA in-text citation style uses the author’s last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). Example paragraph with in-text citation A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers’ ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program. More examples of in-text citations You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199). Jones (1998) found “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, “Students often had difficulty using APA style” (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. FINAL DRAFT TITLE Rapid urbanization and sustainability SUBTITLE The case of Dammam NAME Mohammed Al Suleiman ID 2020011003 COURSE Writing & Research SECTION 101 SEMESTER FALL 2022 Rapid Urbanization and Sustainability in Saudi Arabia: The Case of Dammam Keywords: rapid urbanization, urban sustainability, Saudi Arabia, Dammam Metropolitan Area Introduction Although urbanization is widely seen as a tool for economic growth, and cities as engines for economic development, rapid urbanization has adverse impacts. This is especially true in the case of developing countries where urbanization was unprecedented either in speed or scale. This is aggravated with the limited planning and management capacities of these countries and resulted in many unsustainable impacts and problems. The UN report “World Urbanization Prospects, 2014” predicts that an additional 2.5 billion people will live in urban areas by 2050, highlighting the need for a successful urban planning agenda and greater attention to be given to smaller cities where nearly half of all people currently reside (UN, DESA. 2014). Such rapid urban growth has had many unsustainable impacts in these metropolitan areas. Therefore, this paper tries to investigate the rate and scale of urbanization in DMA, and tries to analyze its unsustainable impacts on the development process in the region. Also, it aims to define the necessary approaches to achieve sustainable urbanization in DMA. Literature Review The speed and sheer scale of urban growth in developing countries presents dreadful challenges for urban planners and policy-makers in these countries. Rapid urbanization in the developing world is highly beyond the capacity of most of its cities. Based on available data, the proportion of urban poor is increasing faster than the overall rate of urban population growth. An estimated 1 72 per cent of the urban population of Africa, 43 per cent for Asia and the Pacific, 32 per cent for Latin America and 30 per cent for the Middle East and North Africa, are now live in slums (Cohen, B. 2006). Yet, each year cities attract new migrants who, together with the increasing native population, expand the number of squatter settlements and shanty towns, exacerbating the problems of urban congestion and sprawl and hampering local authorities’ attempts to improve basic infrastructure and deliver essential services. This problem is aggravating and getting more severe in developing countries, where cities have been growing without a concomitant expansion of economic activity (UN, Economic and Social Council. 2014). Thus, “sustainable urbanization” concept is regarded as a process that aims to manage urbanization to overcome the mounting problems associated with rapid urbanization. Based on the broad definition of sustainability, “urban sustainability” and “sustainable cities” are used to refer to cities and urban areas that have been able to integrate social and economic development with environmental management and urban governance (UN, 2013; UN Habitat and DID, UK, 2002). As urbanization process gets rapid, urban policymakers and planners, especially in developing countries, are confronted with mounting challenges of demographic, socioeconomic, environmental and institutional dimensions (UN Economic and Social Council, 2014). Rapid Urbanization in KSA; Regional Comparisons In the global context, urbanization in KSA was very rapid and massive during the last five decades. According to the United Nations’ report “World Urbanization Prospects, 2014”, urbanization in KSA is higher than that of many of the most-populated Arab countries, such as 2 Egypt, Iraq, and Syria. Figure 1 depicts that urbanization in KSA has jumped from the third lowest in 1950 to the third highest in 2000, and is expected to continue at that rank till 2050. The percentage of urban population in KSA has jumped from about 20% in 1950 up to 80% in 2000, and is expected to reach about 90% in 2050 (UN DESA, 2014). Moreover, the urban population of the Kingdom has increased from just 665 thousand in 1950 to 24.8 million in 2015, with an increase of 24.1 million; doubling 36 times in 65 yeas. The urban population of the Kingdom is expected to reach 35.8 million by 2050, with an expected increase of about 11.0 millions in the next 35 years, which is about 45% of Kingdom’s urban population today. Dammam Metropolitan Area Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA) is the third largest conurbation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the main urban agglomeration in the Eastern province. Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA) is formed by the adjacent cities of Dammam, Khobar, Dhahran and the developing area of Aziziyah and Half Moon south of Khobar. Greater Dammam includes Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA) and the neighboring towns of Qatif, Safwa and Ras-Tanura (Figure 2). The total area of DMA is around 380,000 ha, housing about 1.8 million inhabitants. The KSA economy is predominantly based on the exploration, extraction and processing of petroleum and the export of petroleum and petroleum-based products. The Eastern Province of KSA is the heart of Saudi oil production. Consequently, the economy and the physical development of DMA are mainly dependent on petroleum industry. DMA is connected to the Kingdom and the outside world with one international airport (King Fahd International Airport) and a freight seaport (King Abdulaziz Port) on the Arabian Gulf. Another port at Ras Tanura nearby is used exclusively for exporting petroleum. DMA is 3 also directly connected to the Kingdom of Bahrain with a 25 km long King Fahd causeway. Jubail Industrial City is located in close proximity, less than 80 km to the north of Dammam. The capital Riyadh is some 400 km to the west. Express highways connect DMA to Riyadh and other Saudi cities and neighboring states of Kuwait, UAE and Oman. It is connected by a railroad to the capital Riyadh, and future rail projects are planned to connect adjoining Gulf Cooperation Council member states. Unsustainable Urban Impacts of Rapid Urbanization in DMA Urbanization is the most profound human alteration of the natural environment through a wide range of urban land use activities (Ujoh, et al., 2010; Ifatimehin and Musa, 2008). These activities include, but are not restricted to, transportation, commercial, industrial, residential, institutional, and recreational land uses. The proliferation of urban centers, and their associated environmental and socio-economic impacts, has been phenomenal from the turn of the 20th century (Lambin et al., 2003; European Environment Agency, 2006; Garba, 2004; Abou-Korin, 2011). In DMA, rapid, and often poorly regulated, urbanization has adversely impacted the natural environment. Some of these unsustainable impacts of urbanization in DMA are described below. Rapid urbanization in DMA has been associated with some serious unsustainable development practices. The rapid loss of agricultural lands and the destruction of marine life along the shores of the Arabian Gulf due to land-filling in Arabian Gulf waters are the most acute sustainability problems in the region. Agricultural areas represent a valuable development asset, especially in this harsh desert environment. In addition to its economic value, these highly fertile lands can not be replaced if 4 lost. In addition, these agricultural areas have a historic value as it proves the historic role of the area in the development process through history. Moreover, these agricultural areas along with gulf waters and the extended desert background offer a unique, picturesque landscape and a natural integration rare to find elsewhere in the Kingdom. For these reasons, conservation of agricultural areas must be an indisputable objective, especially with the availability of vast desert areas around these agricultural areas (Abou-Korin, 2011). Unsustainable Housing Patterns Housing sustainability is very crucial because of its direct effects on socio-economic conditions of city residents (Abdellatif and Othman, 2006). Although there are many housing sustainability problems in DMA, this paper focuses on housing patterns and costs of housing in DMA as they are crucial problems in DMA. In DMA, there are lots of housing units; however, the problem is about the pattern of housing available. Most of the available housing units are either detached villas or spacious apartments, which are beyond the economic capacity of the youth and middle-class Saudis. Also, this pattern exceeds the actual needs of many Saudis, taking into account the apparent decrease in the size of the Saudi family. The average size of Saudi family has declined from 7 in 1996 to about 6 in 2004 (in just 7 years), and is expected to continue declining. Also, the analysis of population age structure in DMA showed that about 44% of the population is under the age of 20; and about 61% of the population is under the age of 30. This means that there will be an increase in the number of new families, which usually will be of small-size for a considerable period of time. 5 The analysis of socio-economic survey conducted in DMA in 2005 revealed that about 52% of families in DMA are living in leased apartments. But, among married people under the age of thirty, about 80% live in leased apartments. On the other hand, the analysis of approved subdivisions that are still vacant shows that most of land parcels are of large areas. About 83% of land parcels in these subdivisions are of areas between 500-2,000 m2, which is far beyond the financial capacity of most of the new families. Agglomerating Contiguous Urban Mass Another serious problem associated with urban sprawl in DMA is it takes a form of successive contiguous waves of growth leading to an agglomerating urban mass. On the other hand, the contiguous growth of urban area in DMA is expected to lead to an agglomerated contiguous urban mass, which will further aggravate the urban decay and traffic congestion at the central areas of most of DMA cities. In 20 years to come, and after intensification of landuse and the expected high increase in population and activities in this contiguous urban mass, urban environment, infrastructure, and traffic will be severely deteriorated. Many large scale land development projects have emerged over the last four decades. Some of these are located on reclaimed land, in Aziziyah and the Half Moon Bay area, and around the international airport. For example, the King Fahd suburban area comprises of 3,613 ha of land, and Al-Naseem covers 3,339 ha of land. At the current population density, they can accommodate 230,000 and 213,000 people respectively (MOMRA-KSA, 2007). Some of these projects are bigger than some existing cities in DMA, growing as ‘cities within cities.’ These 6 developments are expected to present significant environmental, traffic, and infrastructure impacts. Planners of DMA had generally failed to foresee the pace of urban expansion, and incompatible land uses that were located safely beyond the urban limits have now become surrounded by urban development due to rapid urban growth. These incompatible land uses include the Dhahran military base, oil pipelines, high-tension power lines, animal markets, garbage disposal and treatment facilities etc. (MOMRA-KSA, 2007). Some of these land uses pose health risks to the urban residents or are visually disturbing for the environment. Conclusion Based on the extensive analysis of the main causes and consequences of rapid urbanization in DMA, the paper has defined two main unsustainable impacts of rapid urbanization in DMA: (1) urban expansion on agricultural land and by land-filling into the Gulf, and (2) unsustainable urbanization. To rationally overcome these consequences, the paper proposes “sustainable urbanization” as necessary policy for managing urban growth in DMA. The paper argues that “Sustainable Urbanization” policy in DMA should focus on three main issues: protection of the marine environment and agricultural lands, preservation of urban lands for future uses, and improving the urban environment. 7 REFERENCES Abou-Korin, A. A. (2011, December). Impacts of rapid urbanisation in the Arab World: The case of Dammam metropolitan area, Saudi Arabia. In 5th Int’l Conference and Workshop on Built Environment in Developing Countries (ICBEDC 2011) (pp. 1-25). Pulao Pinang, Malaysia: University Sains Malaysia. Abou-Korin, A. A., & Al-Shihri, F. S. (2015). Rapid urbanization and sustainability in Saudi Arabia: the case of Dammam metropolitan area. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(9), 52. Al-Shihri, F. S. (2016). Impacts of large-scale residential projects on urban sustainability in Dammam Metropolitan Area, Saudi Arabia. Habitat International, 56, 201-211. Dano, U. L., Abubakar, I. R., AlShihri, F. S., Ahmed, S. M., Alrawaf, T. I., & Alshammari, M. S. (2022). A multi-criteria assessment of climate change impacts on urban sustainability in Dammam Metropolitan Area, Saudi Arabia. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 102062. 8

The rising rate of Body Dysmorphic Disorder amongst adolescents and the affects of social media.
The rising rate of Body Dysmorphic Disorder amongst adolescents and the affects of social media.

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  Excellent Good Fair Poor
Main Postinga 45 (45%) – 50 (50%)

Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.

 

Supported by at least three current, credible sources.

 

Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.

40 (40%) – 44 (44%)

Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

 

At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.

 

Supported by at least three credible sources.

 

Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.

35 (35%) – 39 (39%)

Responds to some of the discussion question(s).

 

One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.

 

Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.

 

Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

 

Post is cited with two credible sources.

 

Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.

 

Contains some APA formatting errors.

0 (0%) – 34 (34%)

Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately.

 

Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.

 

Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.

 

Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.

 

Contains only one or no credible sources.

 

Not written clearly or concisely.

 

Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.

 

Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.

Main Post: Timeliness 10 (10%) – 10 (10%)

Posts main post by day 3.

0 (0%) – 0 (0%) 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) 0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

Does not post by day 3.

First Response 17 (17%) – 18 (18%)

Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.

 

Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.

 

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.

 

Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

 

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

 

Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.

 

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

15 (15%) – 16 (16%)

Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.

 

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

 

Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.

 

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.

 

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

13 (13%) – 14 (14%)

Response is on topic and may have some depth.

 

Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.

 

Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.

 

Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.

0 (0%) – 12 (12%)

Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.

 

Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.

 

Responses to faculty questions are missing.

 

No credible sources are cited.

Second Response 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)

Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.

 

Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.

 

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.

 

Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.

 

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

 

Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.

 

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

14 (14%) – 15 (15%)

Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.

 

Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.

 

Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.

 

Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.

 

Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.

12 (12%) – 13 (13%)

Response is on topic and may have some depth.

 

Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.

 

Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.

 

Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.

0 (0%) – 11 (11%)

Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.

 

Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.

 

Responses to faculty questions are missing.

 

No credible sources are cited.

Participation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)

Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days.

0 (0%) – 0 (0%) 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) 0 (0%) – 0 (0%)

Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.

Total Points: 100