SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study

SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study

Sample Answer for SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study Included After Question

SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study

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Follow APA format for writing style, spelling and grammar, and citation of sources.

Start reviewing and responding to the postings of your classmates as early in the week as possible. Respond to at least two of your classmates. Participate in the discussion by analyzing each response for completeness and accuracy and by suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response. Complete your participation for this assignment by the end of the week.

QUESTION #1

Rebecca Barrett

Cardiovascular Case Study

In this case study, Mark, a 48-year-old male is presents to his doctor’s office with mild to moderate chest pressure which radiates to his back. Mark rates his pain 6/10 and reported that he felt like he could belch. Upon arrival to his doctor’s office the receptionist is instructed to call 911. He has a past medical history of Diabetes mellitus 2. Family history consists of premature coronary artery disease and noted that his father died of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at age 45 and one brother died of an AMI at age 49. He is anxious and shows Levines sign. ECG shows ST segment depression and T wave inversion. Heart tones are muffled with an S3 gallop. Hands and feet are cool to touch. Neck vein distention of 5cm with HOB at 90 degrees. Within 2 hours of arrival for care at the emergency department troponin was 6ng/dl.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study

Title: SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study

Mark exhibited classic symptoms of heart failure including ST segment depression and T wave inversion, muffled heart tones with an S3 gallon, neck vein distention of 5cm and an elevated troponin of 6ng/dl. Cell death occurs in heart failure. “Apoptosis is the most common form of programmed cell death and can be triggered by physical, chemical, and biological factors.” (Proteintech, 2019). Apoptosis helps the body eliminate old unnecessary or unhealthy cells and is essential for normal development. Necrosis is a form of cell injury that is defined by unregulated cell death resulting from internal or external stressors such as mechanistic injuries, chemical agents, or pathogens.” (Proteintech, 2019). The process of necrosis is usually rapid and leads to oncosis. Necrosis operates alongside apoptosis and in conjunction with it (Einstein College of Medicine, 2020).

Both hydrostatic and oncotic pressure are important with regulating the function of the heart. Hydrostatic pressure aids the supply of nutrients to the tissues of the body and oncotic pressure helps to remove metabolic wastes from the tissues. If the pressures are not regulated correctly cell death could occur. The role of free radicals and myocardial death can be quite complicated. Free radicals are deficient in energy and take energy from other cells to satisfy themselves. Experimental studies have shown that free radical scavengers and enzymes that scavenge or degrade reactive species of oxygen can reduce the mass of myocardial tissue that undergoes irreversible injury. (Villines, 2017)

Einstein, 2020, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, https://www.einstein.yu.edu/centers/cardiovascular-research/research/#:~:text=Typically%20in%20heart%20failure%2C%20heart%20cells%20continue%20dying,fluid%20to%20leak%20into%20the%20legs%20and%20ankles.

Proteintech, 2019, What is the Difference Between Necrosis and Apoptosis, https://www.ptglab.com/news/blog/what-is-the-diffe…

Villines, Zawn, 2017, How do free radicals affect the body?, Medical News

SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study
SUO Myocardial Infarction & Hypoperfusion Rebecca Barrett and Christina Soldinger Case Study

Today, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318652


QUESTION #2

Christina Soldinger posted Sep 24, 2020 8:36 PM
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Describe the similarities and differences of necrosis and apoptosis in regard to the above clinical scenario and diagnosis.
Necrosis and apoptosis are similar because they are both a form of cellular death. Necrosis is the premature death of cells and tissues where apoptosis is a programmed cell death. Apoptosis is a normal healthy process caused by the body and necrosis is caused by external factors including infection or trauma. These are related to the clinical scenario above because necrosis and apoptosis occur in “cardiac myocytes, and both gradual and acute cell death are hallmarks of cardiac pathology, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, and ischemia/reperfusion” (Chiong et al., 2011).
What is the role of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure in regulation of blood pressure for this patient?
Hydrostatic pressure increases filtration and increases filtration by pushing fluids out of the capillaries where oncotic pressure pulls fluid into the capillaries. The hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure. With a reduction of oncotic pressure there will be an increase in filtration which will result in fluid buildup also known as edema. Edema can cause the blood pressure in a patient to increase.
Explain the role of free radicals and myocardial death.
Free radicals are single atoms that search the body to find other single electrons to pair with. This causes damage the different cells, DNA, and proteins. The free radicals are not good for the body they can cause damage to growth and development to cells in the body. “Among all possible pathological mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury, free radical damage (mainly oxidative/nitrosative stress injury) has been found to play a key role in the process. Free radicals lead to protein dysfunction, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation, resulting in cell death” (Sun et al., 2018).
Reference:
Chiong, M., Wang, Z., Pedrozo, Z., Cao, D., Troncoso, R., Ibacache, M., . . . Lavandero, S. (2011, December 22). Cardiomyocyte death: Mechanisms and translational implications. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from https://www.nature.com/articles/cddis2011130
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Sun, M., Jin, H., Sun, X., Huang, S., Zhang, F., Guo, Z., & Yang, Y. (2018, January 31). Free Radical Damage in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: An Obstacle in Acute Ischemic Stroke after Revascularization Therapy. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC58926…

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If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

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As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

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Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

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Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

  • Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
  • There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
  • Include in-text citations in your response
  • Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
  • Follow APA-7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

  • A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
  • Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
  • Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
  • Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
  • Follow APA 7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
  • Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
  • Here are some helpful links
  • Student paper example
  • Citing Sources
  • The Writing Center is a great resource