Research Methodology in Health
Sample Answer for Research Methodology in Health Included After Question
Research Methodology in Health
You will now write a formal paper on the topic you selected in Module 5.
The paper must include the following elements:
• Title page
• Introduction—this should be revised based on feedback you received for the version you developed in Module 8.
• Body of the paper that covers the main and subtopics.
• Identify any gaps in the research that you think could be a research topic in the future.
• Conclusion
• References
Your paper should meet the following requirements:
• Be 8 pages in length, including the introduction, but not including the title or reference pages.
• Be formatted according to Saudi Electronic University and APA writing guidelines.
• Provide support for your statements with in-text citations from the ten scholarly articles you have gathered. The following resources will help you with this assignment: • Purdue Online Writing Lab – General Format – scroll down to see the information writing and formatting Abstracts • Purdue Online Writing Lab – APA Sample Paper Review the grading rubric to see how you will be graded for this assignment. You are strongly encouraged to submit all assignments to the TurnItIn Originality Check prior to submitting them to your instructor for grading. 1 Patient Safety Culture Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Title Professor’ Name Date 2 Patient Safety Culture Abdelaliem, S. M. F., & Alsenany, S. A. (2022, September).
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: Research Methodology in Health
Title: Research Methodology in Health
Factors Affecting Patient Safety Culture from Nurses’ Perspectives for Sustainable Nursing Practice. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 10, p. 1889). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101889 The article is a study conducted to assess nurses’ perceptions of the factors influencing patient safety culture to promote practice in the long term. The authors used a descriptive crosssectional study methodology using a sample size of 146 nurses recruited from an Egyptian hospital. The authors administered printed questionnaires to collect patient data; these assessed socioeconomic data and participants’ perceptions of patient safety culture for sustainability in nursing. The study determined that nurses had a good attitude toward patient safety culture, influencing long-term patient safety in hospital settings. The study’s strength is in comprehensive information, which raises awareness about patient safety in all settings. The authors presented the research from a well-researched perspective; they have a rich medical background, giving them the authority to write on the topic. The article provides general knowledge to people seeking information about patient safety. It would be helpful in my research process in the future, as it would be a valid starting point as a literature review material. Gunawan, D., & Hariyati, R. T. S. (2019). The implementation of patient safety culture in nursing practice. Enfermeria clinica, 29, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.05.007 In this article, Gunawan & Hariyati (2019) summarize the implementation of patient safety culture by nurses at the hospital level. They present a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles covering ten years from 2009 to 2018, collected from four trusted online databases and 3 analyzed using the 12 patient safety culture dimensions. The article concludes that many international accreditation organizations implement patient safety culture, and healthcare organizations have taken initiatives to strengthen patient safety. The article is written for people seeking knowledge on the status of patient safety in hospitals to know whether healthcare organizations treat the matter seriously. Considering the current situation and emerging issues in hospital settings, this source is useful for helping the reader gain better insight. It is timely and specific and addresses the topic from an informed perspective, considering the authors’ backgrounds. Its strength lies in the vast knowledge body since the authors selected various sources spanning a prolonged duration. It would guide policymakers in healthcare concerning the issue discussed and assist a researcher like me in the future literature search. Huong Tran, L., Thanh Pham, Q., Nguyen, D. H., Tran, T. N. H., & Bui, T. T. H. (2021). Assessment of Patient Safety Culture in Public General Hospitals in the Capital City of Vietnam. Health Services Insights, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786329211036313 Huong et al. (2021) discuss the status of patient safety in an autonomous hospital in Vietnam using a cross-sectional descriptive study design; the authors used an online survey to collect data by targeting 820 healthcare professionals through convenience sampling. The authors state that the hospital perceives patient safety culture significantly but add that more emphasis should be placed on staffing and non-punitive error response. The authors are all associated with the healthcare system in Hanoi, Vietnam, in various capacities; they are connected at the academic level at the university and the professional level in the hospital department. This gives them the professional and intellectual authority to conduct this type of research and present their findings appropriately. The source’s strength lies in the 4 expansive knowledge base due to adequate research and the authors’ backgrounds. However, its weakness lies in its focus on one healthcare organization, limiting its scope for generalization into other settings. Still, it would be excellent reading for a researcher seeking literature review sources for additional knowledge. Khoshakhlagh, A. H., Khatooni, E., Akbarzadeh, I., Yazdanirad, S., & Sheidaei, A. (2019). Analysis of affecting factors on patient safety culture in public and private hospitals in Iran. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913019-4863-x In this source, Khoshakhlagh et al. (2019) consider patient safety culture as one of the primary components of healthcare service quality; it is also one of the priorities of health studies. They conducted this study to determine and compare healthcare staff’s views of patient safety; they also studied the influence of influential factors on patient culture safety in Iranian hospital settings. The authors explain that providing feedback on errors for incident reporting and the exchange of information is necessary to promote a patient safety culture. They discuss the need to plan and manage working shift hours and burnout since they significantly impact patient safety culture. The authors used a cross-sectional study design in identifying and mapping public and private hospitals in Tehran; they sampled target populations through stratified sampling methods, giving the source significant strength by widening the information scope. Considering the sample size collected, the source would be an essential benchmark for applying to broader policy and practice settings. The only weakness of this study is that a significant cultural difference occurs between Iran and the areas, making it difficult to generalize beyond this setting. 5 Kumbi, M., Hussen, A., Lette, A., Nuriye, S., & Morka, G. (2020). Patient safety culture and associated factors among health care providers in Bale Zone hospitals, southeast Ethiopia: An institutional based cross-sectional study. Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 12, 1. https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S198146 In this source, Kumbi et al. (2020) state that patient safety is a critical global public health issue, forming a crucial component of healthcare quality. They argue that a close connection exists between unsafe patient care, morbidity, and mortality globally. To validate these assertions, they conducted a study to assess patient safety culture and the associated factors among care providers in Ethiopian hospitals. They conducted a cross-section study using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) questionnaire to interview 518 healthcare providers. The authors concluded that the patient safety culture was poorly defined in the selected healthcare settings considering the low patient safety scores. The authors possess significant knowledge and experience backed by many years of research on a similar topic and other healthcare issues, giving them the academic and professional authority to write the source. The study design also allowed them to select a broader population, making the study applicable in other policymaking areas at the hospital level. The source is essential for general knowledge and research for an individual seeking additional literature sources. Mrayyan, M. T. (2022). Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture: a cross-sectional comparative study. BMJ Open Quality, 11(3). DOI: https://doi.org.10.1136/bmjoq2022-001889 In this source, the author discusses the importance of developing a patient safety culture in hospitals and its role in improvement initiatives related to patient safety. He argues that 6 limited knowledge exists in healthcare settings concerning patient safety culture. He sought to validate this by conducting a cross-sectional comparative study to assess the reporting behavior among nurses on the predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture; they also sought to identify the differences between patient safety grades and the reported events in patient safety culture. The author concludes that the selected hospitals showed moderate patient safety cultures and a positive perception among nurses. The study offers an essential knowledge foundation on the topic, being one of the first to deal with the predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture. The author is a senior researcher in the healthcare setting in Jordan and has published many peer-reviewed articles, giving him the professional and academic authority to write this source. This gives the article significant credibility in use during future research. Okuyama, J. H. H., Galvão, T. F., Crozatti, M. T. L., & Silva, M. T. (2019). Health professionals’ perception of patient safety culture in a university hospital in São Paulo: A cross-sectional study applying the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 137, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/15163180.2018.0430140319 In this source, Okuyama et al. (2019) consider patient culture as a critical part of an organization’s profile in healthcare; they also associate it with better care quality. They sought to validate this point by conducting a hospital-based cross-sectional study in a Sao Paulo university hospital to assess patient safety in a university hospital setting. They targeted 68 sectors and selected five employees from each via an online platform using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS). The authors conclude that the university hospital setting in Brazil presented significant weaknesses, and there was poor reporting by professionals. 7 The authors possess an excellent academic background in pharmacy at the university and hospital level with excellent research backgrounds giving them considerable authority in the topic. Considering the educational background of this research, it would be an excellent addition to a literature review for future research processes. It is also recent, making it valid for current applications in hospitals and academic applications to aid in the learning process. Raeissi, P., Reisi, N., & Nasiripour, A. A. (2018). Assessment of patient safety culture in Iranian academic hospitals: strengths and weaknesses. Journal of patient safety, 14(4), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000199 In this source, Raeissi et al. (2019) argue that establishing a patient safety culture is critical for providing quality patient care. They conducted a study to create a baseline for patient safety culture in the academic settings of Iranian hospitals; they also sought to determine the strengths and weaknesses of patient safety culture. They selected 26 academic hospitals in Tehran and Iran Universities of Medical Sciences. They also used the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) questionnaire to collect data. The selected hospitals displayed an inadequate public safety culture, and the authors propose significant improvement. The authors double up as physicians and university professors in various institutions in Iran and have conducted research and written several published articles on medical research. This gives them credibility and makes the source reliable as an academic source that can be used as a literature source in research. It is also an original article, making it suitable considering the rich educational background on which it is founded. 8 Ree, E., & Wiig, S. (2019). Employees’ perceptions of patient safety culture in Norwegian nursing homes and home care services. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4456-8 In this source, Ree & Wiig (2019) argue that research in patient safety culture on healthcare services for elderly patients remains scarce. They conducted this study to describe the perception of the patient safety culture of staff in homecare and nursing homes; they sought to determine the contributions of patient safety culture on overall patient perceptions. According to the authors, perceptions of patient safety culture differs significantly between home care services and nursing homes, and staffing plays a significant role in patient safety in these settings. The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey with a large sample size of 304 respondents. This makes the research reliable and valid from a researcher’s perspective, as it would provide a solid starting point for a literature review. Additionally, the authors possess significant academic and research authority, having conducted considerable research and published various articles on healthcare issues; this makes the source authoritative on the topic. Reis, C. T., Paiva, S. G., & Sousa, P. (2018). The patient safety culture: a systematic review by characteristics of hospital survey on patient safety culture dimensions. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 30(9), 660-677. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy080 The authors state the need to learn the strengths and weaknesses of patient safety culture expressed through the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). They conducted a study to identify studies that have used the method to collect data on patient safety culture in the hospital setting; they also sought to survey findings in safety culture aspects to identify their potential contributions to care quality in hospitals. The authors concluded that organizational 9 cultures in hospitals were poorly developed concerning patient safety culture. They used their knowledge and experience in healthcare to propose strategies tied to safety culture evaluation n to enhance patient safety. Since the data collected spanned 21 countries, it offers a robust foundation for promoting research and widening the scope of operationalization and generalization of the topic. The authors have a rich background going by their profiles. They have published several healthcare articles and possess the knowledge and expertise to write an authoritative article. 10 References Abdelaliem, S. M. F., & Alsenany, S. A. (2022, September). Factors Affecting Patient Safety Culture from Nurses’ Perspectives for Sustainable Nursing Practice. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 10, p. 1889). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101889 Gunawan, D., & Hariyati, R. T. S. (2019). The implementation of patient safety culture in nursing practice. Enfermeria clinica, 29, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.05.007 Huong Tran, L., Thanh Pham, Q., Nguyen, D. H., Tran, T. N. H., & Bui, T. T. H. (2021). Assessment of Patient Safety Culture in Public General Hospitals in the Capital City of Vietnam. Health Services Insights, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786329211036313 Khoshakhlagh, A. H., Khatooni, E., Akbarzadeh, I., Yazdanirad, S., & Sheidaei, A. (2019). Analysis of affecting factors on patient safety culture in public and private hospitals in Iran. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-0194863-x Kumbi, M., Hussen, A., Lette, A., Nuriye, S., & Morka, G. (2020). Patient safety culture and associated factors among health care providers in Bale Zone hospitals, southeast Ethiopia: An institutional based cross-sectional study. Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 12, 1. https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S198146 Mrayyan, M. T. (2022). Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture: a cross-sectional comparative study. BMJ Open Quality, 11(3). DOI: https://doi.org.10.1136/bmjoq-2022001889 11 Okuyama, J. H. H., Galvão, T. F., Crozatti, M. T. L., & Silva, M. T. (2019). Health professionals’ perception of patient safety culture in a university hospital in São Paulo: A cross-sectional study applying the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 137, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0430140319 Raeissi, P., Reisi, N., & Nasiripour, A. A. (2018). Assessment of patient safety culture in Iranian academic hospitals: strengths and weaknesses. Journal of patient safety, 14(4), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000199 Ree, E., & Wiig, S. (2019). Employees’ perceptions of patient safety culture in Norwegian nursing homes and home care services. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4456-8 Reis, C. T., Paiva, S. G., & Sousa, P. (2018). The patient safety culture: a systematic review by characteristics of hospital survey on patient safety culture dimensions. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 30(9), 660-677. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy080 1 Patient Safety Culture Student’s Name Institution Course Instructor Date 2 Patient Safety Culture Introduction The concept of patient safety has become a fundamental element in healthcare today. Its significance has been underlined by the explosive growth witnessed in the healthcare system and the accompanying increase in the harm caused to patients. Primarily, patient safety centers on preventing and minimizing issues such as risks, harm, and errors experienced by patients during care provision (Huong Tran et al., 2021). This very idea of patient safety has been emphasized through the establishment of a patient safety culture in most healthcare facilities. Indeed, different entities including scholars, healthcare professionals, and policymakers among others have been attempting to identify/understand the underlying factors in patient safety culture in hospitals. Patient safety culture is an umbrella term encompassing aspects such as behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and perceptions shared by healthcare providers concerning patient safety within healthcare facilities and organizations (Raeissi et al., 2018). These components usually determine the commitment, proficiency, and level of emphasis tied to patient safety by individual practitioners and healthcare teams especially in preventing the occurrence of errors and/or adverse events during care delivery (Mrayyan, 2022). Due to this, healthcare organizations that have managed to establish positive patient safety culture have attained improved patient outcomes with fewer errors and risks to patients. On the contrary, those who have undermined patient safety culture tend to have higher numbers of errors and harm to patients. Some of the common elements in health facilities with strong patient safety culture include collaboration among healthcare professionals, patients, and carers (teamwork), open/effective communication, prioritization of quality and safety, correct integration of technology, strong leadership, and continuous learning among others 3 (Khoshakhlagh et al., 2019; Huong Tran et al., 2021)). The elements are vital in the identification and prevention of errors in healthcare. Overview of the Research Question • How can healthcare organizations promote the establishment of strong positive patient safety culture? Comprehensively understanding patient safety is a crucial step in fostering a positive safety culture in any healthcare organization. Indeed, organizations should be keen on progressively measuring and improving the culture as a means to improving overall patient outcomes (Gunawan & Hariyati, 2019). Nonetheless, the organization must identify the different approaches it can utilize to establish strong positive patient safety cultures. Methods Based on the research question, the research paper will be in the form of qualitative research, and the methods that will be used in data collection will be in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The methods will include open-ended questions with participants being required to provide explanatory responses centered on answering the research question (Ree & Wiig, 2019). Software The data will be analyzed using MAXQDA. This software is reliable and has been proven to be quite helpful in data analysis. Primarily, it allows users to input data collected from different sources including interviews and focus groups, making it perfect for this study. The software works well in analyzing qualitative data as well as quantitative data and mixedmethod data. Ethical Principles in Research 4 1. Informed consent – Participants should be informed comprehensively about the research and should not be coerced or intimidated into participation (Kumbi et al., 2020). 2. Respect for persons – Participation by respondents should be free and voluntary, and their dignity, autonomy, and rights should be upheld (Raeissi et al., 2018). 3. Justice – Researchers should treat all their participants fairly and justly without discrimination (Okuyama et al., 2019). 4. Privacy and confidentiality – Participant anonymity should be respected and upheld, and the information they provided should be considered confidential (Abdelaliem & Alsenany, 2022). 5. Integrity – The research should adhere to the recognized standards of integrity. Transparency should also be maintained throughout the study. 6. Conflict of interest – The researcher should be independent, and any conflicts of interest regarding the research should be mentioned explicitly (Reis et al., 2018). 5 References Abdelaliem, S. M. F., & Alsenany, S. A. (2022, September). Factors Affecting Patient Safety Culture from Nurses’ Perspectives for Sustainable Nursing Practice. In Healthcare (Vol. 10, No. 10, p. 1889). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101889 Gunawan, D., & Hariyati, R. T. S. (2019). The implementation of patient safety culture in nursing practice. Enfermeria clinica, 29, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.05.007 Huong Tran, L., Thanh Pham, Q., Nguyen, D. H., Tran, T. N. H., & Bui, T. T. H. (2021). Assessment of Patient Safety Culture in Public General Hospitals in the Capital City of Vietnam. Health Services Insights, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786329211036313 Khoshakhlagh, A. H., Khatooni, E., Akbarzadeh, I., Yazdanirad, S., & Sheidaei, A. (2019). Analysis of affecting factors on patient safety culture in public and private hospitals in Iran. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-0194863-x Kumbi, M., Hussen, A., Lette, A., Nuriye, S., & Morka, G. (2020). Patient safety culture and associated factors among health care providers in Bale Zone hospitals, southeast Ethiopia: An institutional based cross-sectional study. Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 12, 1. https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S198146 Mrayyan, M. T. (2022). Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture: a cross-sectional comparative study. BMJ Open Quality, 11(3). https://doi.org.10.1136/bmjoq-2022001889 Okuyama, J. H. H., Galvão, T. F., Crozatti, M. T. L., & Silva, M. T. (2019). Health professionals’ perception of patient safety culture in a university hospital in São Paulo: A cross-sectional study applying the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety 6 Culture. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 137, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1590/15163180.2018.0430140319 Raeissi, P., Reisi, N., & Nasiripour, A. A. (2018). Assessment of patient safety culture in Iranian academic hospitals: strengths and weaknesses. Journal of patient safety, 14(4), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1097/pts.0000000000000199 Ree, E., & Wiig, S. (2019). Employees’ perceptions of patient safety culture in Norwegian nursing homes and home care services. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4456-8 Reis, C. T., Paiva, S. G., & Sousa, P. (2018). The patient safety culture: a systematic review by characteristics of hospital survey on patient safety culture dimensions. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 30(9), 660-677. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzy080
