NU 451 Research Methodologies

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NU 451 Research Methodologies

Title: NU 451 Research Methodologies

Introduction

Falls among the elderly patients is a critical issue that is facing most of the health organizations globally. The elderly patients are highly at a risk of falls due to their conditions such as confusion and use of medications. Falls among this group of patients increases the risk of adverse outcomes that include increased hospital stays, new health problems, and high costs of healthcare. Nurses have the responsibility of ensuring that the elderly patients who are at risk of falls are safe in their environments. They utilize their clinical inquiry knowledge to formulate questions that can guide the development of guidelines to address the issue. They also rely on the best available clinical evidence to increase the effectiveness of the interventions that they adopt to address the issue of falls among the elderly. Through this, they promote evidence-based practice in their settings by ensuring that the best approaches to care are used to promote the health and safety of their patients (Melnyk & Fine out-Overholt, 2018). Therefore, this section of the assignment explores the articles that were obtained to investigate the issue of patient falls.

Matrix Worksheet: Research Methodologies

Full *citation* of selected article	Article #1	Article #2	Article #3	Article #4
Full *citation* of selected article	Chen et al. (2017).	Cimilli, Unal, Onur, Eroglu, and Saritemur (2017)	Fariña-López, Estévez-Guerra, Luz, Pogrányivá, and Penelo (2018)	Giordano et al. (2016)
*Why* you chose this article and/or *how it relates* to the clinical issue of interest (include a brief *explanation of the ethics* of research related to your clinical issue of interest)	The article was chosen because it considers a large population area whose data is likely to be representative. IT considers a hospital with over 20,000 patients per month from May to October. As an ethical requirement, the patients had to consent before taking part in research.	I chose this article because it highlights how healthcare institutions address the issue of falls amongst the elderly. The article is also likely to generate data that can be relied on because it considers trends over a long period of time (1989 to 2007). The research was exempted from ethics approval requirements.	I chose this study because it gives an alternative perspective, showing how nurses are taking lead in preventing falls in elderly patients. Approval was sought from the Ethics Committee for Human Research at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The approval was intended to protect the study participants.	I considered the article because it looks at an intervention that could be easily affordable for patients and readily available in helping to prevent falls. Addressing such an intervention is critical o ensuring proper patient safety amongst the elderly. Indeed, the research did not seek any ethical approval. However, ethical tenets were observed nonetheless to protect the integrity of the research.
Brief *description of the aims* of the research of each peer-reviewed article	The article seeks to look the various factors which might lead to multiple falls among in the ED.	The research aimed at determining the relationship between falls in the elderly and utilization of the medical facilities.	The study aimed at determining the situations under which the nurses and the assistants considered the use of physical restraint to prevent hospital falls among the elderly.	The study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of homebased intervention delivered by multidisciplinary team in preventing falls in elderly.
Brief description of the *research methodology* used Be sure to identify if the methodology used was *qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed-methods* approach. Be specific.	Qualitative method of research was employed (Melnyk, & Fineout-Overholt, 2018). The study considered home interviews and secondary and analysis of data. The elderly who were 65 years and above were used and there was no ethical approval required for the study. Only data obtained from completed questionnaires were considered for analysis.	Mixed study method was used: it considers data available in the Health Promotion Administration (HPA) for dataset and it generates variables and carries out interviews (Grant & Booth, 2009). The inclusion criteria used was all the elderly patients who presented to the ED as a result of falls. Those mandated to take care of the patients were involved in answering the questions regarding the factors that lead to the falls in elderly.	This was a quantitative study (Hoe & Hoare, n.d.). It compares use of intervention (restraint by nurses and rate of falls among elderly patients). The survey considered by both registered nurses and the nursing assistants. This was used to collect data associated with the sociodemographic characteristics, training, experience and perceptions.	This is a RCT and since it measures the outcomes after administration of intervention. There was both the control and study group. The study also received ethical approval appropriately. This is a quantitative study (Hoe & Hoare, n.d.). Informed consent was obtained from the participants and the ones chosen for the study were both males and females aged 65 years and above.
A brief description of the *strengths* of each of the research methodologies used, including *reliability* and *validity* of how the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed articles you selected.	The methodology was robust in the sense that the data selected for consideration was wide. Therefore, making an inference or generalization from the data would be more informative of the reality. The data and findings at the end depict sound piece of research. The assessment of the validity was done by using data from the physical examination and this helped to assess accuracy of the self-reports. Reliability was determined by comparing data from different villages and townships where data was obtained.	The methodology is advantageous for the study because it monitors changes in the management of elderly patients over a period of time. This therefore enables determination of the actual status of the situation. Validity of the study therefore pins down that factors like decreased cognition, presence of comorbid conditions and increased age lead to higher incidences of falls in hospital settings. Comparison of those factors to determine one that have higher risk of falls compared to others depicts the reliability of the study.	It considers different regions in Spain and this could be extrapolated to give an overview of how elderly related falls are managed in Spain. Validity of the study is indicated by the determination that physical restraint reduces the incidences of falls in elderly within hospital settings. In terms of reliability, the study points out that other factors like education programs to the nurses should also be in place in addition to the physical restraint to reduce falls in elderly.	The main strength was based on the target population and the administration of the prevention program. The administration of the fall prevention program was supported by new home based technologies. In terms of validity, the study proves that there is no adequate evidence to prove that ICT in homes would have an effect in preventing falls. The study is reliable in that it considers a number of fall prevention programs like nurse tutor assistance and exercise programs.
General Notes/Comments	The study is however limited to Turkey and this means findings from other study settings are bound to vary.	Since the study was a self-report from the elderly patients over 65 years, it could suffer accuracy issues if the patients had memory challenges.	The study showed that no statistical significance exists between use of restraints and prevention of falls in the hospitals. It is the role of the nurses and assistants to exercise due diligence when attending to patients.	The study provides an aspect of the need for collaboration between the healthcare professionals in managing the elderly patients at risk of falls.

References

Chen, K. H., Hsieh, H. M., Chen, C. M., Chiu, H. C., & Lee, I. C. (2017). The long-term trends of the association between falls among the elderly in Taiwan and their utilization of medical facilities. International Journal of Gerontology, 11(3), 161–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijge.2016.08.003

Cimilli Ozturk, T., Ak, R., Unal Akoglu, E., Onur, O., Eroglu, S., & Saritemur, M. (2017). Factors associated with multiple falls among elderly patients admitted to emergency department. International Journal of Gerontology, 11(2), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijge.2016.05.009

Fariña-López, E., Estévez-Guerra, G. J., Polo-Luque, M. L., Pogrányivá, A. H., & Penelo, E. (2018). Physical restraint use with elderly patients: Perceptions of nurses and nursing assistants in Spanish acute care hospitals. Nursing research, 67(1), 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000252

Giordano, A., Bonometti, G. Pietro, Vanoglio, F., Paneroni, M., Bernocchi, P., Comini, L., & Giordano, A. (2016). Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary home-telehealth intervention programme to reduce falls among elderly discharged from hospital: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0378-z

Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009, June 1). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information and Libraries Journal, . 26(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x

Hoe, J., & Hoare, Z. (n.d.). Learning zone Keywords. Retrieved from www.nursing-standard.co.uk.

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

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NU 451 Research Methodologies Grading Rubric

Performance Category	100% or highest level of performance 100% 16 points	Very good or high level of performance 88% 14 points	Acceptable level of performance 81% 13 points	Inadequate demonstration of expectations 68% 11 points	Deficient level of performance 56% 9 points	Failing level of performance 55% or less 0 points
Total Points Possible= 50	16 Points	14 Points	13 Points	11 Points	9 Points	0 Points
Scholarliness Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic topics.	Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three or more of the following elements Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information
	16 Points	14 Points	13 Points	11 Points	9 Points	0 Points
Application of Course Knowledge Demonstrate the ability to analyze and apply principles, knowledge and information learned in the outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations	Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in the all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from and scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three of the following elements Applies principles, knowledge and information and scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.
	10 Points	9 Points			6 Points	0 Points
Interactive Dialogue Initial post should be a minimum of 300 words (references do not count toward word count) The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each (references do not count toward word count) Responses are substantive and relate to the topic.	Demonstrated all of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.	Demonstrated 3 of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.			Demonstrated 2 of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.	Demonstrated 1 or less of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.
	8 Points	7 Points	6 Points	5 Points	4 Points	0 Points
Grammar, Syntax, APA Points deducted for improper grammar, syntax and APA style of writing. The source of information is the APA Manual 6th Edition Error is defined to be a unique APA error. Same type of error is only counted as one error.	The following was present: 0-3 errors in APA format AND Responses have 0-3 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND Writing style is generally clear, focused on topic,and facilitates communication.	The following was present: 4-6 errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have 4-5 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is somewhat focused on topic.	The following was present: 7-9 errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have 6-7 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is slightly focused on topic making discussion difficult to understand.	The following was present: 10- 12 errors in APA format AND/OR Responses have 8-9 grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is not focused on topic, making discussion difficult to understand.	The following was present: 13 – 15 errors in APA format AND/OR Responses have 8-10 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is not focused on topic, making discussion difficult to understand. AND/OR The student continues to make repeated mistakes in any of the above areas after written correction by the instructor.	The following was present: 16 to greater errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have more than 10 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. AND/OR Writing style does not facilitate communication
	0 Points Deducted					5 Points Lost
Participation Requirements	Demonstrated the following: Initial, peer, and faculty postings were made on 3 separate days					Failed to demonstrate the following: Initial, peer, and faculty postings were made on 3 separate days
	0 Points Lost					5 Points Lost
Due Date Requirements	Demonstrated all of the following: The initial posting to the graded threaded discussion topic is posted within the course no later than Wednesday, 11:59 pm MT. A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT.					Demonstrates one or less of the following. The initial posting to the graded threaded discussion topic is posted within the course no later than Wednesday, 11:59 pm MT. A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT.