PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each

PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each

PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each 

Topic 1 DQ 1

Apr 21-23, 2022

Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each. Describe a current epidemic. Describe one example of each of the prevention types (primary, secondary, and tertiary) that could be applied to control the epidemic.

REPLY TO DISCUSSION

BC

Posted Date

Apr 26, 2022, 8:46 PM

Unread

Epidemic

 

Epidemic is defined as a disease that affects many individuals within a given community, population or region. The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is defined as unexpected increase in the number of diseases within a geographical location.  According to public health yellow fever, measles, polo and smallpox are prime examples of epidemics. The criteria of contagious is not a criterion for an epidemic. Primary prevention is simply intervening before health effects occurs. Secondary would be screening and tertiary prevention would be post diagnosis to slow or stop.  Primary prevention for yellow fever is preventing mosquitos’ bites during the day and night. For example, use insect repellents, wear long sleeves. Most importantly receive the vaccination. In 2021 we have reported human laboratory confirmed cases of yellow fever in African Region ( Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo).

Pandemic 

 

A pandemic is defined as an epidemic of infectious disease that affects the human population across the continents, regions or globally.  Pandemics can transition into disasters when they cause many deaths.  The rate is rapid, and cases appear every day.  It has been determined that pandemics arise from international travel.  An example of the pandemic would be the Spanish influenza of 1918.  Approximately 50 million people was killed.

 

Endemic 

 

Is a condition that presents a predictable pattern amongst a certain population when the infectious disease is maintained at a current baseline without any spikes. For example, and endemic would have been chickenpox within the United Kingdom, but malaria wouldn’t be considered. However, in other regions malaria would be considered an endemic.

 

 

References: PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each

 

Grennan D. What Is a Pandemic? JAMA. 2019;321(9):910. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0700

 

Kelly H. (2011). The classical definition of a pandemic is not elusive. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89(7), 540–541. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.088815

 

Outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics-what you need to know. APIC. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2022, from https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/outbreaks-epidemics-and-pandemics-what-you-need-to-know/

JU

Posted Date

Apr 25, 2022, 10:11 PM

Unread

As described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an epidemic is an unanticipated rise and increase in disease case rates within a specified geographical area. In most cases, epidemics do not have to be contagious, for example, polio (CDC, 2022). On the other hand, a pandemic, as identified by the World Health Organization (WHO), refers to the exponential growth of disease through elevated rates of spread within days. In such a case, the WHO declares a pandemic and institutes preventable measures. Among the prime examples of pandemics include COVID-19. Further, an endemic relates to the instance where the outbreak of a disease is present consistently but limited within a particular region (CDC, 2022). For example, in the case of malaria, it may increase spontaneously in certain regions without necessarily being contagious.

Notably, a current epidemic affecting global health is the Rift Valley Fever affecting many regions across sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The disease is caused by the Rift Valley Fever virus, which normally arises from domesticated animals like camels, sheep, and goats (CDC, 2022). As an emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic viral infection, it has presented significant threats to global public health at large.

Prevention measures for RVF are essential to limit its occurrence and growth rate. Primary preventive measures include sustained programs on animal vaccination due to the inexistence of an acceptable vaccination for humans. Secondary treatment approaches include avoiding contact with animal blood, fluids, or tissues infected with the RVF zoonotic virus (World Health Organization, 2018). Also, wearing protective equipment for people working with animals in RVF-stricken areas is encouraged by the WHO. Also, avoiding unsafe animal products like milk and meat during such an epidemic is further advised. At the same time, tertiary prevention means for RVF focus on decreasing the severity of the disease through thoroughly cooking animal products before consuming and avoiding outdoor activities during peak times when vector species bite.

References PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC. (2022). Rift Valley Fever (RVF). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/rvf/about.html.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC. (2022). Section 11: Epidemic Disease Occurrence. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html.

World Health Organization. (2018). Rift Valley Fever. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever.

SH

Posted Date

Apr 24, 2022, 6:06 PM

Unread

Replies to Brandon Collins

Friis and Sellers (2021) states that Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary defines the word epidemic as “attacking many people at the same time, widely diffused and rapidly spreading.”

Pandemic, which refers to an epidemic on a worldwide scale; during a pandemic, large numbers of persons may be affected, and a disease may cross international borders (Friis & Sellers, 2021).

An endemic as Friis & Seller (2021) is a disease or infectious agent that is habitually present in a community, geographic area, or population group. For instance, malaria is to some tropical areas of Asia, and cholera is endemic to countries that lack sanitation, especially during war and disaster times.

A current epidemic in our country is mental health disorders. Mental health disorders have led to numerous losses of lives and could be caused by disease outbreaks like the Covid-19 pandemic.

Friis and Sellers (2021) explain that primary prevention includes health promotion and specific protection against diseases. An example of primary prevention that involve specific protection against disease-causing hazards are wearing protective devices to prevent occupational injuries (Friis & Seller, 2021). Secondary prevention on another hand encompasses early diagnosis and prompt treatment, as well as disability limitation (Friis & Sellers, 2021). In tertiary prevention as Friis and Seller (2021), disease already has occurred and has been treated clinically, but rehabilitation is needed to restore the patient to an optimal functional level. Examples include sheltered homes for the developmentally disabled.

References PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2021). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.)

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS: PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each 

PUB 540 Topic 1 DQ 1 Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, and provide an example of each Grading Rubric Guidelines

Performance Category	10	9	8	4	0
Scholarliness Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic decisions.	Provides relevant evidence of scholarly inquiry clearly stating how the evidence informed or changed professional or academic decisions Evaluates literature resources to develop a comprehensive analysis or synthesis. Uses valid, relevant, and reliable outside sources to contribute to the threaded discussion	Provides relevant evidence of scholarly inquiry but does not clearly state how the evidence informed or changed professional or academic decisions. Evaluates information from source(s) to develop a coherent analysis or synthesis. Uses some valid, relevant, reliable outside sources to contribute to the threaded discussion.	Discusses using scholarly inquiry but does not state how scholarly inquiry informed or changed professional or academic decisions. Information is taken from source(s) with some interpretation/evaluation, but not enough to develop a coherent analysis or synthesis. Little valid, relevant, or reliable outside sources are used to contribute to the threaded discussion. Demonstrates little or no understanding of the topic.	Discusses using scholarly inquiry but does not state how scholarly inquiry informed or changed professional or academic decisions. Information is taken from source(s) without any interpretation/evaluation. The posting uses information that is not valid, relevant, or reliable	No evidence of the use of scholarly inquiry to inform or change professional or academic decisions. Information is not valid, relevant, or reliable
Performance Category	10	9	8	4	0
Application of Course Knowledge – Demonstrate the ability to analyze, synthesize, and/or apply principles and concepts learned in the course lesson and outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations	Posts make direct reference to concepts discussed in the lesson or drawn from relevant outside sources; Applies concepts to personal experience in the professional setting and or relevant application to real life.	Posts make direct reference to concepts discussed in the lesson or drawn from relevant outside sources. Applies concepts to personal experience in their professional setting and or relevant application to real life Interactions with classmates are relevant to the discussion topic but do not make direct reference to lesson content	Posts are generally on topic but do not build knowledge by incorporating concepts and principles from the lesson. Does not attempt to apply lesson concepts to personal experience in their professional setting and or relevant application to real life Does not demonstrate a solid understanding of the principles and concepts presented in the lesson	Posts do not adequately address the question posed either by the discussion prompt or the instructor’s launch post. Posts are superficial and do not reflect an understanding of the lesson content Does not attempt to apply lesson concepts to personal experience in their professional setting and or relevant application to real life	Posts are not related to the topics provided by the discussion prompt or by the instructor; attempts by the instructor to redirect the student are ignored No discussion of lesson concepts to personal experience in the professional setting and or relevant application to real life
Performance Category	5	4	3	2	0
Interactive Dialogue Replies to each graded thread topic posted by the course instructor, by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT, of each week, and posts a minimum of two times in each graded thread, on separate days. (5 points possible per graded thread)	Exceeds minimum post requirements Replies to each graded thread topic posted by the course instructor, by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT, of each week, and posts three or more times in each graded thread, over three separate days. Replies to a post posed by faculty and to a peer Summarizes what was learned from the lesson, readings, and other student posts for the week.	Replies to each graded thread topic posted by the course instructor, by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT, of each week, and posts a minimum of two times in each graded thread, on separate days Replies to a question posed by a peer Summarizes what was learned from the lesson, readings, and other student posts for the week.	Meets expectations of 2 posts on 2 different days. The main post is not made by the Wednesday deadline Does not reply to a question posed by a peer or faculty	Has only one post for the week Discussion posts contain few, if any, new ideas or applications; often are a rehashing or summary of other students’ comments	Does not post to the thread No connections are made to the topic
	Minus 1 Point	Minus 2 Point	Minus 3 Point	Minus 4 Point	Minus 5 Point
Grammar, Syntax, APA Note: if there are only a few errors in these criteria, please note this for the student in as an area for improvement. If the student does not make the needed corrections in upcoming weeks, then points should be deducted. Points deducted for improper grammar, syntax and APA style of writing. The source of information is the APA Manual 6th Edition	2-3 errors in APA format. Written responses have 2-3 grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Writing style is generally clear, focused, and facilitates communication.	4-5 errors in APA format. Writing responses have 4-5 grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors. Writing style is somewhat focused.	6-7 errors in APA format. Writing responses have 6-7 grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors. Writing style is slightly focused making discussion difficult to understand.	8-10 errors in APA format. Writing responses have 8-10 grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors. Writing style is not focused, making discussion difficult to understand.	Post contains greater than 10 errors in APA format. Written responses have more than 10 grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors. Writing style does not facilitate communication. The student continues to make repeated mistakes in any of the above areas after written correction by the instructor
	0 points lost				-5 points lost
Total Participation Requirements per discussion thread	The student answers the threaded discussion question or topic on one day and posts a second response on another day.				The student does not meet the minimum requirement of two postings on two different days
Early Participation Requirement per discussion thread	The student must provide a substantive answer to the graded discussion question(s) or topic(s), posted by the course instructor (not a response to a peer), by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT of each week.				The student does not meet the requirement of a substantive response to the stated question or topic by Wednesday at 11:59 pm MT.

Also Check Out: PUB 540 Study Design Comparison Worksheet