PRELAB 7 exercise phys

PRELAB 7 exercise phys

PRELAB 7 exercise phys

Description

Group members name: Lab title: Null hypothesis (H0): states that a population parameter (such as the mean, the standard deviation, and so on) is equal to a hypothesized value. The null hypothesis is often an initial claim that is based on previous analyses or specialized knowledge. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): states that a population parameter is smaller, greater, or different than the hypothesized value in the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is what you might believe to be true or hope to prove true. Ho: Rationale: H1: Rationale: References: SAINT XAVIER UNIVERSITY School of Nursing and Health Sciences EXSC 275, Exercise Physiology for Sport (4) Fall 2022, Lecture: TTh 12:30p – 1:50p Labs: M 9:00a – 11:00a W 9:00a – 11:00a Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________ Lab #7, High-Intensity Fitness Background Multistage Fitness (Beep) Test The multistage fitness test, otherwise known as the beep test, bleep test, or the 20m shuttle run test is a continuous sub-maximal test which has become the most recognized tool for measuring aerobic power. This test was originally developed for adults in 1982 by Leger and Lambert and then modified later in 1988 for children, by reducing the stages from 2-minutes to 1-minute by Leger et al. It is an extremely simple test, which requires minimal equipment and demands the athlete(s) to run continuously until volitional exhaustion. It requires the athlete to perform continuous 20m shuttle runs, whereby the individual must reach the opposite end of the 20m grid before the next beep sounds. The time between recorded beep decreases each minute, forcing the individuals to increase their running speed. It is this increase in speed which reflects the increase in difficulty/intensity. There are numerous variations of this test, but the most used protocol has an initial running velocity of 8.5 km/hr and increases the speed by 0.5 km/hr each minute thereafter. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test There are three variations of the yo-yo intermittent recovery test: level 1, level 2, and the submaximal test. The yo-yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) focuses on an individual’s ability to repeatedly perform high-intensity aerobic work. The yo-yo intermittent recovery level 2 (YYIR2) test examines the capacity to perform intense intermittent exercise with a large anaerobic component in combination with a significant aerobic contribution. The submaximal yo-yo intermittent recovery test was developed as a method of monitoring performance during competitive periods (e.g., in-season), injury rehabilitation, or individuals who may struggle with performing the maximal tests. The YYIR tests are a simple method for examining an athlete’s capacity to perform repetitive highintensity aerobic exercise. The YYIR1 is designed for young or recreational athletes who possess lower aerobic capacity – this level begins at 10km/hr. The YYIR2, on the other hand, is designed 1 for elite and professional athletes with a higher fitness capacity – this test begins at 13km/hr. Therefore, the only difference between these two tests is the speed of which they are conducted. It has been demonstrated in sports involving high-intensity intermittent exercise that the higher the competition-level of the athlete, the better their performance on the YYIR tests. Performances in the YYIR tests for young athletes have also been shown to improve with increases in age. However, this may be more specifically related to biological maturity rather than chronological age. Regardless, YYIR tests have also been demonstrated to be a more sensitive measure of performance changes than maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Furthermore, as relationships between sub-maximal YYIR test performance and heart rate have been observed, non-exhaustive versions of these tests can be used during competitive periods (in-season), elderly subjects, and athletes recovering from injury. Objective The purpose of the high-intensity fitness lab is to: 1. Become familiar with methods for evaluating high intensity running performance. 2. Understand how to conduct the Multistage Fitness (Beep) Test. 3. Understand methods for conducting the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (level 1). 4. Interpret the results of high intensity intermittent fitness tests. Equipment • Marking cones • Measuring tape • Beep test metronome • Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test audio tape Multistage Fitness (Beep) Test The test is comprised of 23 levels, each level lasts approximately 1-minute. The starting speed is 8.5km/hr and increases by 0.5km/hr at each level thereafter. As the individual progresses through the levels, the speed between the beeps decreases giving the individual less time to complete each shuttle, thus increasing the intensity. A single beep indicates the end of each shuttle, whilst three simultaneous beeps indicate the start of the next level. Procedure • Participants begin the test from the ‘start-line’ (Cones A) • When instructed by the audio player, they must run towards the opposite 20m line (Cones B) within the sound of the beep. They must then run back and forth in this same pattern continuously until they reach voluntarily exhaustion. • If the athlete fails to reach the opposite ‘turn-around’ line before the ‘beep’, the participant is issued with one fail attempt. If the athlete achieves two consecutive fail attempts, they are withdrawn from the test and their score recorded as final. However, if the individual reaches the line before the second consecutive beep, their failure attempts are reset. • Once withdrawn from the test, the individual’s score must be recorded. 2 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test It is important to note that whenever fitness testing is performed, it must be done so in a consistent environment (i.e., facility), so that it is protected from varying weather types, and with a dependable surface that is not affected by wet or slippery conditions. If the environment is not consistent, the reliability of repeated tests at later dates can be substantially hindered and result in worthless data. Procedure • Participants begin the test from cone B. • When instructed by the audio player, they must run towards cone C (this must be reached before the following beep signal) and immediately return to cone B before the next signal. • Once cone B is reached, participants then have a 10-second recovery period in which they must jog from cone B towards cone A, and then back to cone B before the commencement of the next shuttle. • In this test the participants are only allowed two consecutive fail attempts before they are withdrawn from the test. That being, if the individual fails to reach cone C and back to cone B in the allocated time, one fail is issued. If this happens a second consecutive time, then they are eliminated. • Once withdrawn from the test, the individuals score must be recorded. • The YYIR1 typically last for 5-15 minutes, and the YYIR2 for roughly 2-15 minutes. 3 Evidence Multistage Fitness test It is critical that the coach understands the test is both valid and reliable before they include it within their testing battery. Any test that is lacks significant validity and/or reliability will produce worthless results that should not be used literally. Moreover, even a test with sufficient validity and reliability will still have some degree of error/inconsistency but understanding how much a crucial part of the data analysis is. Though the multistage fitness test has previously been reported to be a valid and reliable test for predicting VO2max in children, adolescents and adults, recent research has criticized the previous methods used to calculate these findings. In the study conducted by Cooper and associates, the authors explain that all the previous research used correlation statistics instead of agreement statistics. In these circumstances, when measuring both test repeatability and test validity, agreement statistics should be used. The results of their investigation concluded that whilst the multistage fitness test possesses sufficient repeatability, it is not a valid predictor of VO2max. Consequently, according to the latest research, the multistage fitness test is not a valid predictor of VO2max. Issues with the Multistage Fitness Test • Whilst the test itself is sufficiently reliable when performed correctly, it is however subject to several weaknesses. 4 • • • • Test validity for predicting V02 max. Due to the test’s continuous nature, it may lack specificity to intermittent endurance sports such as football and hockey. As a result, alternative tests have been developed (e.g., YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test). Regulating the test with large groups becomes somewhat difficult as it is hard to track which athletes have repeatedly failed to reach the end-line before the beep. It is shown that test familiarity can impact results, meaning individuals that are unfamiliar with the test procedure may achieve less than optimal scores. Consequently, test familiarization is highly recommended. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test It is critical that the coach understands the test is both valid and reliable before they include it within their testing battery. Any test that lacks significant validity and/or reliability will produce worthless results that should not be used literally. Moreover, even a test with sufficient validity and reliability will still have some degree of error/inconsistency but understanding how much a crucial part of the data analysis is. The YYIR1 has been repeatedly proven as a valid and reliable tool with high-reproducibility for measuring high-intensity aerobic capacity amongst athletes from various sports and competitionlevels. Furthermore, the YYIR1 has also been shown to be a moderately reliable predictor of VO2max. Issues with the YYIR tests • Whilst the test itself is reliable when performed correctly, it is however subject to several weaknesses. • Regulating the test with large groups becomes somewhat difficult as it is hard to track which athletes have repeatedly failed to reach the end-line before the beep. Therefore, it is strongly advised that multiple assessors officiate the test. • It is shown that test familiarity can impact results, meaning individuals that are unfamiliar with the test procedure may achieve less than optimal scores. Consequently, test familiarization is highly recommended. Score Multistage Fitness test Scores can be presented in three ways: 1) VO2max; 2) total distance (meters); 3) or level achieved. Though the multistage fitness test was originally developed as a practical method for predicting maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), it has been subject to much scrutiny in recent years regarding its ability to accurately predict VO2max. How to Calculate VO2max The mathematical formulas below demonstrate how to predict the VO2max using the original calculations by Leger and colleagues 1988. 5 Estimated VO2max (mL/kg/min) = -23.4 + 5.8 (x) x = maximal speed in km/hr based on the level achieved For Example: David stopped the PACER at level 13 (which corresponds to a speed of 14.5km/hr) VO2max (mL/kg/min) = -23.4 + 5.8 (14.5) = = 23.4 + 84.1 = 60.7 Level Running Speed (kph) 20m Test laps total laps 1 8.0 7 7 2 9.0 8 15 3 9.5 8 23 4 10.0 9 32 5 10.5 9 41 6 11.0 10 51 7 11.5 10 61 8 12.0 11 72 9 12.5 11 83 10 13.0 11 94 11 13.5 12 106 12 14.0 12 118 13 14.5 13 131 14 15.0 13 144 15 15.5 13 157 16 16.0 14 171 17 16.5 14 185 18 17.0 15 200 19 17.5 15 215 6 20 18.0 16 231 21 18.5 16 247 Score Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test The test is comprised of 91 shuttles and can last up to approximately 29-minutes; however, it is very unlikely somebody will complete it. Scores can be presented in three ways: 1) total distance (meters); 2) level achieved; or 3) VO2max. Total distance is much simpler to understand and calculate, whereas level achieved is more complex as the test begins at level 5 and then skips to level 9 at the beginning. How to Calculate VO2max Though the YYIR1 has been shown to be a moderately reliable predictor of VO2max, it is advised to use the test for what it was originally developed for, identifying an individual’s ability to repeatedly perform high-intensity aerobic work, which has proven to be a more sensitive measure of changes in performance than VO2max. Regardless, for those who wish to use this method, the equations for calculating VO2max: YYIR1 test: VO2max (mL/kg/min) = IR1 distance (m) × 0.0084 + 36.4 How to Calculate Total Distance To calculate total distance, the simplest method is to record the number of shuttles completed by the participant and then multiply that number by 40 (40 = 2 x 20m shuttles [the run from cone B to cone C = 20m, then run back from cone C to cone B = 20m]). For example, if an athlete performs 30 shuttles, this number can then be multiplied by 40 to calculate their total distance (e.g., 30 x 40 = 1,200m) Statistical Analysis Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The ANOVA test checks if the difference between the averages of two or more groups is significant, using sample data. ANOVA is usually used when there are at least three groups since for two groups, the two-tailed pooled variance t-test and the right-tailed ANOVA test have the same result. The basic ANOVA test contains only one categorical value, one-way ANOVA. For example, if you compare the performance of three schools, the categorical variable is school, and the possible values of the categorical variable are School-A, School-B, School-C. There are more complex ANOVA tests that contain two categorical variables (Two-way ANOVA calculator ), or more. When performing a one-way ANOVA test, we try to determine if the difference between the averages reflects a real difference between the groups or is due to the random noise inside each group. 7 The F statistic represents the ratio of the variance between the groups and the variance inside the groups. Unlike many other statistic tests, the smaller the F statistic the more likely the averages are equal. Assumptions • Independent samples • Normal distribution of the analyzed population • Equal standard deviation, σ1=σ2=…=σk (the assumption is more important when the groups’ sizes not similar) Interpreting results The three different options for t-tests have slightly different interpretations, but they all hinge on hypothesis testing and P values. You need to select a significance threshold for your P value (often 0.05) before doing the test. While P values can be easy to misinterpret, they are the most used method to evaluate whether there is evidence of a difference between the sample of data collected and the null hypothesis. Once you have run the correct t test, look at the resulting P value. If the test result is less than your threshold, you have enough evidence to conclude that the data are significantly different. If the test result is larger or equal to your threshold, you cannot conclude that there is a difference. However, you cannot conclude that there was definitively no difference either. It’s possible that a dataset with more observations would have resulted in a different conclusion. Depending on the test you run, you may see other statistics that were used to calculate the P value, including the mean difference, t-statistic, degrees of freedom, and standard error. The confidence interval and a review of your dataset is given as well on the results page. Effect size Effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect. The larger the effect size the stronger the relationship between two variables. You can look at the effect size when comparing any two groups to see how substantially different they are. For this analysis, choose medium effect size (0.5). Significance level or alpha level The significance level, also denoted as alpha or α, is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. For example, a significance level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of concluding that a difference exists when there is no actual difference. For this analysis, the significance level will be 0.05. Outliers An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population. In a sense, this definition leaves it up to the analyst (or a consensus process) to decide what will be considered abnormal. For this analysis, outliers will be included. 8 The following website will help with the statistical analysis you must run for the data. You should report calculate and report the sample size (n), mean, standard deviation, variance, and range for all metrics. Additionally, you need to discuss the data regarding the null and alternative hypotheses, p-value, T-statistic, and effect size. Rename groups one and two, females and males, respectively. https://www.statskingdom.com/index.html Applications 1. Using an ANOVA, check if the difference between the averages of calculated VO2max from the non-exercise prediction, Multistage Beep Test, and Yo-Yo Test are significant. Include the statistics to support your interpretation of the data with respect to your stated hypotheses. 2. Using the student’s t-test, compare the means of VO2max from the Multistage Beep Test only between females and males. Include the statistics to support your interpretation of the data with respect to your stated hypotheses. 9 References Léger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, and Lambert J. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. Journal of sports sciences 6: 93-101, 1988. Kutlu M, Yapici H, and Yilmaz A. Reliability and Validity of a New Test of Agility and Skill for Female Amateur Soccer Players. Journal of human kinetics 56: 219-227, 2017. Mayorga-Vega D, Aguilar-Soto P, and Viciana J. Criterion-Related Validity of the 20-M Shuttle Run Test for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of sports science & medicine 14: 536-547, 2015. Cooper, S.M., Baker, J.S., Tong, R.J., Roberts, E., & Hanford, M. (2005). The repeatability and criterion related validity of the 20 m multistage fitness test as a predictor of maximal oxygen uptake in active young men. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(9). Souhail H, Castagna C, Mohamed HY, Younes H, Chamari K Direct validity of the yo-yo intermittent recovery test in young team handball players. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:465-470. Thomas, A., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2006). The yo-yo test: reliability and association with a 20-m shuttle run and VO2 max. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 1(2), pp.137-49. Krustrup P, Mohr M, Amstrup T, Rysgaard T, Johansen J, Steensberg A, Pedersen PK, Bangsbo J. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test: Physiological response, reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:697-705. Deprez D, Coutts A, Lenoir M, Fransen J, Pion J, Philippaerts RM, Vaeyens R. Reliability and validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 in young soccer players. J Sports Sci 2014;32:903-910. Castagna C, Abt G, D’Ottavio S. Competitive-level differences in yo-yo intermittent recovery and twelve minute run test performance in soccer referees. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19:805-809. Hazra A and Gogtay N. Biostatistics Series Module 3: Comparing Groups: Numerical Variables. Indian journal of dermatology 61: 251-260, 2016 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.182416. Keselman HJ, Huberty CJ, Lix LM, Olejnik S, Cribbie RA, Donahue B, Kowalchuk RK, Lowman LL, Petoskey MD, Keselman JC, and Levin JR. Statistical Practices of Educational Researchers: An Analysis of their ANOVA, MANOVA, and ANCOVA Analyses. Review of Educational Research 68: 350-386, 1998 DOI: 10.3102/00346543068003350. 10 Data Table 1 Gender Height (m) Weight (kg) VO2max (mL/kg/min) Non-Exercise Prediction of VO2max Questionnaire Multistage Fitness test Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test 11

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our Verified MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS:PRELAB 7 exercise phys

• Grid View