Sample Answer for NURS 6501 Week 3 Concepts of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders Included After Question
In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.
Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:
-
- myocardial infarction
- endocarditis
- myocarditis
- valvular disorders
- lipid panels
- coagulation
- clotting cascade
- deep vein thrombosis
- hypertension
- heart failure
- COPD
- asthma
- pneumonias
Photo Credit: Getty Images/Science Photo Library RF
Complete the Knowledge Check by Day 7 of Week 3
To complete this Knowledge Check:
Module 2 Knowledge Check
What’s Coming Up in Week 4?
Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images
Next week, you will examine the alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes through case study analysis. You will also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, which may impact altered physiology.
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 3 Concepts of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 3 Concepts of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
The case study demonstrates a 45-year-old female patient with a chief complaint of shortness of breath, fever, and productive cough with thick green sputum for the past three days. The patient also presents with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic cough history. However, the cough has gotten worse, to the point that it currently interferes with her sleep. She has been using expectorants which have failed to relieve her thick sputum. The chest x-ray results reveal increased anteroposterior diameter and flattened diaphragm. Upon auscultation, the patient displays hyper resonance and coarse rhonchi and rales all through the entire lung fields. This paper illustrates the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiology of the patient’s disease process and the racial and ethnic variables that may affect physiological functioning.
Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes
Based on the subjective and objective data provided, the patient’s most likely primary diagnosis is COPD. This condition is characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflamed bronchial tube lining, leading to shortness of breath, cough, and increased mucus (sputum) production (Dunican et al., 2021). On the other hand, emphysema is characterized by an increased inflammatory response as a result of inhaled cigarette smoke among other noxious partials, destroying the parenchyma of the lungs and disrupting the normal lung deficit and repair mechanism, in addition to narrowing the airways, leading to shortness of breath and excessive mucus production, in addition to cough and fever. The destroyed lung parenchyma displays increased anteroposterior diameter and flattened diaphragm when viewed under X-ray.
Racial/Ethnic Variables
According to Park et al. (2020), Asian and black people, among other minorities in the United States, display a reduced prevalence of COPD compared to whites. This variation is mainly based on environmental factors like cigarette smoke and genetics. Studies show that Asians may have a smaller decline in lung function than whites with the same rate of exposure to cigarette smoke (Han, 2020). On the other hand, Blacks are more susceptible to the negative impact of cigarette smoke compared to other ethnic groups. Concerning genetics, studies show that deficiency in a1-antitrypsin is rare in nonwhites, hence the reduced risks of respiratory complications like COPD (Reddy et al., 2020).
Interactions between Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Process and Impact on the Patient
The pathophysiology of COPD and cardiovascular complications are associated with interactions between cardiac and pulmonary processes such as systemic inflammation, lung hyperinflation, hypoxemia, oxidative stress, exacerbations, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) (Barreiro, Wang, & Tang, 2019). Hyperinflation is characterized by increased residual gas in the lungs after spontaneous exhalation, resulting in an increased burden of COPD and mortality (Dunican et al., 2021). Abnormal lung function resulting from hyperinflation is also associated with compromised cardiac function due to increased pressures in the cardiopulmonary system, reduced cardiac output, impaired left-ventricular filling, and right-ventricular dysfunction.
Conclusion
The patient in the provided case study presents with symptoms of COPD. This disorder is characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which present by shortness of breath, productive cough, and fever. Studies show that the pathophysiology of COPD and cardiovascular conditions is associated with an interaction between a decline in lung function and increased pressure in the cardiopulmonary system.
References
Barreiro, E., Wang, X., & Tang, J. (2019). COPD: preclinical models and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 23(10), 829-838. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2019.1667976
Dunican, E. M., Elicker, B. M., Henry, T., Gierada, D. S., Schiebler, M. L., Anderson, W., … & Fahy, J. V. (2021). Mucus plugs and emphysema in the pathophysiology of airflow obstruction and hypoxemia in smokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 203(8), 957-968. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202006-2248OC
Han, M. K. (2020). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women: a biologically focused review with a systematic search strategy. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 15, 711. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S237228
Park, S. L., Cheng, I., Wu, A. H., Porcel, J., Wilkens, L. R., Le Marchand, L., & Setiawan, V. W. (2020). Abstract C096: Ethnic differences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.DISP18-C096
Reddy, A. T., Lakshmi, S. P., Banno, A., Jadhav, S. K., Pulikkal Kadamberi, I., Kim, S. C., & Reddy, R. C. (2020). Cigarette smoke downregulates Nur77 to exacerbate inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PloS one, 15(2), e0229256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229256
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A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Week 3 Concepts of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
Title: NURS 6501 Week 3 Concepts of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
The physiologic response to the amoxicillin was a type 1 hypersensitivity response. Cells in the body saw amoxicillin as a threat and started an inflammatory immune response. It all begins with mast cells. Mast cells line skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue. They can be activated by injury, chemicals, adaptive immune responses, or recognizing molecular patterns of viruses and bacteria (McCance & Huether, 2019). Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a chemical floating in blood plasm, binds to mast cells causing the release prostaglandins, interleukins, leukotrienes, and histamine through a process called degranulation. Mast cells also release chemicals that attract neutrophils and eosinophils to sites of injury where they phagocytose foreign invaders to the body. Histamine is the most important chemical in this reaction. When it binds to the H1 receptor it causes hives, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, and increased mucous production. This allows phagocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells to enter the injured area. Red blood cells (RBCs), other body fluids, along with all white blood cells pass through causing edema to the affected areas. All of this extra fluid responding to the threat caused edema to his tongue, lips, airway and increased secretion of lung tissues. This is an urgent issue as it leads to airway compromise which is life threatening.
Strep throat is seen more in children than adults, especially ages five to 15 (CDC, 2018). Crowded areas such as schools and daycare centers increase risk of transmission (CDC, 2018). As of late, the quarantine has kept children at home so this could be slowing the spread. He is on the high end of the age for those children getting strep throat, but his social situation can also influence it.
Genetic factors play a role too. Approximately ten percent of all U.S. patients report having allergies to a penicillin class antibiotic in their past (CDC, n.d.). Parents can pass down allergies through genetics (NCBI, 2014). This is why it is a good idea to have children tested for allergies when they are younger. That way severe allergic reactions can be anticipated, and life-threatening situations can be avoided.
Lopes Write Policy
For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy
The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication
Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.
Important information for writing discussion questions and participation
Welcome to class
Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to
I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.
Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.
If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.
Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.
Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.
I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!
Hi Class,
Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.
Contact me if you have any questions.
Important information on Writing a Discussion Question
- Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
- There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
- Include in-text citations in your response
- Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
- Follow APA-7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor
- A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
- Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
- Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
- Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
- Follow APA 7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
- Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
- Here are some helpful links
- Student paper example
- Citing Sources
- The Writing Center is a great resource