Sample Answer for NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE Included After Question
An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:
- Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
- Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
- Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.
By Day 7 of Week 2
Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 2.
Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Submission and Grading Information
To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
- Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
- Click the Module 1 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
- Click the Module 1 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
- Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M1Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
- If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
- Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE
Title: NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE
Understanding cardiovascular and respiratory changes is critical for advanced practice registered nurses in establishing an accurate diagnosis and educating patients on how to manage their diseases effectively. These changes have a substantial impact on patients’ health, and it is critical to recognize the symptoms connected with them. The author discusses a case of a 65-year-old post-op patient who complains of shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and palpitations following total knee replacement. When the patient presented to the emergency department, an EKG indicated new-onset atrial fibrillation and a right ventricular strain pattern – T wave inversions in the right precordial leads (V1-4) (II, III, aVF). The essay covers the circulatory and cardiopulmonary pathological processes associated with these symptoms, the impact of racial characteristics on physiological functioning, and how these variables interact to affect the patient.
Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Events Correlated With Patient Symptoms
Total knee arthroplasty is most frequently performed on the elderly, who are more susceptible to cardiovascular and pulmonary illnesses (Gao et al., 2020). Atrial fibrillation is a condition in which the heart beats irregularly as a result of disordered electrical signals. Atrial fibrillation that develops suddenly is frequently related with surgical treatments. According to the EKG interpretation, the patient is most likely suffering from a pulmonary embolism, a disorder in which blood clots obstruct one or more arteries. While early detection is critical, the disease’s clinical presentation is variable and broad, making precise diagnosis difficult. Dyspnoea at rest or with exertion, pleuritic chest pain, cough, orthopnoea, and calf or thigh pain or swelling are all symptoms of acute pulmonary embolism. Additionally, reduced breath sounds, an enhanced pulmonic component of the second heart sound, and jugular venous extension are present. Atrial arrhythmias, peripheral low voltages, pseudoinfarction patterns (Q waves) in leads III and aVF, ST-segment alterations, and total right bundle branch block are all associated with the condition (Boey et al., 2015). These symptoms are caused by the interaction of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems. The cardiovascular system initiates the raid firing of impulses in the SA node, resulting in atrial fibrillation due to the rapid focused activity. Assignment for NURS 6501 Module 2: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE
Racial and Ethnic Variables that Impact Physiologic Functioning
According to research, black individuals with atrial fibrillation are at an increased risk of stroke than their white counterparts. A significant explanation for this phenomenon rests on the premise that African Americans are more prone to well-established risk factors for atrial fibrillation, such as hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. A study conducted by Stamos & Darbar (2016) showed that these traditional risk factors are responsible for up to 50 percent of the atrial fibrillation burden among African Americans. Another feasible explanation for the atrial fibrillation paradox among black individuals relates to the underlying genetic basis. Research shows that most African Americans have the 1q21, 4q25, and 16q22 chromosomes associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation. These genomic loci were associated with African Americans.
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How these Processes Interact to Affect the Patient
Atrial fibrillation affects the patient in numerous ways (Streur, 2019). The chaotic rhythm cause blood to pool in the upper chambers of the heart resulting in the formation of clots. Ultimately, the clots obstruct blood flow to the brain resulting in a stroke. The interplay of increased heart rate, dyspnea, and increased breathing rates cause a life-threatening condition to patients.
Conclusion
In summary, new-onset atrial fibrillation is common among patients who have undergone total knee replacement surgeries. If untreated, the condition is life-threatening and can result in a stroke. The interplay of cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular alterations are significant factors behind atrial fibrillation. While the condition has a high prevalence among older populations, black individuals are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes related to atrial fibrillation. This is explained by a higher incidence of risk factors such as hypertension and heart diseases and the presence of triggering genes among this population. NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE
References
Boey, E., Teo, S., & Poh, K. (2015). Electrocardiographic findings in pulmonary embolism. Singapore Medical Journal, 56(10), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2015147
Gao, J., Xing, D., Dong, S., & Lin, J. (2020). The primary total knee arthroplasty: A global analysis. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-22046/v2
Stamos, T. D., & Darbar, D. (2016). The “Double” paradox of atrial fibrillation in Black individuals. JAMA Cardiology, 1(4), 377. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.1259
Streur, M. (2019). Atrial fibrillation symptom perception. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 15(1), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2018.08.015
A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE
Title: NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE
The assigned case study demonstrates a middle age female patient with chief complaints of dyspnea, fever, and cough with thick green sputum production for 3 days. The patient also has a history of COPD and chronic cough, which has gotten worse over the past few days affecting her sleep. Upon examination, it was noted that the patient’s diaphragm had flattened, AP diameter increased, hyper resonance on auscultation with rhonchi, and coarse rales throughout all lung fields. The purpose of this discussion is to provide an analysis of the patient described above and the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that contributed to the patient’s symptoms.
Pathophysiologic Processes
The patient presents with a history of COPD and chronic cough with thick green sputum. The current symptoms of dyspnea, cough, and fever indicate exacerbation of COPD with complications of a respiratory infection (Hikichi et al., 2018). The patient’s shortness of breath resulted from the obstructed airways secondary to inflammation, sputum hypersecretion, and airway remodeling. Reduced elastic recoil of the lung caused by emphysema and airway obstruction leads to dynamic hyperinflation and incomplete air expelling (Santus et al., 2019). Accumulation of the mucus leads to coughing by the patient as an attempt to try and clear the airways. The increased production of thick green sputum and fever are signs of bacterial infection in COPD exacerbation.
Racial/Ethnic Variables
There is limited evidence on the racial/ethnic variables in the characteristics and progress of COPD. Non-Hispanic whites have however been reported to have the highest burden associated with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular diseases as comorbidities of COPD (Park et al., 2021). African Americans on the other hand, have reported the highest incidences of dyspnea due to lifestyle habits like smoking and reduced exercise capacity (Lee et al., 2018). Korean patients on the other hand were more likely to be underweight as compared to other ethnic groups, hence reduced COPD symptoms and complications (D’Cruz et al., 2020). Generally, the ethnic variables in COPD are due to sociodemographic differences in lifestyle habits, education, and cultural beliefs among other factors.
How Process interact to Affect the Patient
As discussed above, the pathophysiology of COPD involves the interaction of both cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary processes. Impairments in the cardiopulmonary functioning leading to COPD are associated with several risk factors including smoking, exposure to chemicals, race, age, and history of asthma (Hikichi et al., 2018). Such risk factors contribute to pathologic changes in the small (peripheral) bronchioles, large (central) airways, and lung parenchyma. Structural changes of the airways include ciliary abnormalities, focal squamous metaplasia, atrophy, inflammation, airway smooth muscle hyperplasia, and bronchial wall thickening leading to chronic bronchitis (Santus et al., 2019). Permanent enlargement of the airspaces from the distal to the terminal bronchioles also leads to a significant decline in the surface area of the alveoli available for gas exchange causing emphysema. The above mechanisms contribute to the patient’s symptoms such as shortness of breath, chronic cough, increased sputum production, and fever.
Conclusion
The middle-aged patient in the provided case study presents with symptoms indicating COPD exacerbation. Several cardiopulmonary processes contribute to the development of the patient’s condition such as the small (peripheral) bronchioles, large (central) airways, and the lung parenchyma. However, with a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of the patient’s condition, it will be easier for the clinician to develop the most effective treatment plan.
References
D’Cruz, R. F., Murphy, P. B., & Kaltsakas, G. (2020). Sleep-disordered breathing and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review on classification, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 12(S2), S202–S216. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-cus-2020-006
Hikichi, M., Hashimoto, S., & Gon, Y. (2018). Asthma and COPD overlap the pathophysiology of ACO. Allergology International, 67(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2018.01.001
Lee, H., Shin, S. H., Gu, S., Zhao, D., Kang, D., Joi, Y. R., Suh, G. Y., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Guallar, E., Cho, J., & Park, H. Y. (2018). Racial differences in comorbidity profile among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Medicine, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1159-7
Park, H. Y., Lee, H., Kang, D., Choi, H. S., Ryu, Y. H., Jung, K.-S., Sin, D. D., Cho, J., & Yoo, K. H. (2021). Understanding racial differences of COPD patients with an ecological model: two large cohort studies in the US and Korea. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, 12, 204062232098245. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622320982455
Santus, P., Pecchiari, M., Tursi, F., Valenti, V., Saad, M., & Radovanovic, D. (2019). The Airways’ Mechanical Stress in Lung Disease: Implications for COPD Pathophysiology and Treatment Evaluation. Canadian Respiratory Journal. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crj/2019/3546056/
Grading Rubric
| Performance Category | 100% or highest level of performance
100% 16 points |
Very good or high level of performance
88% 14 points |
Acceptable level of performance
81% 13 points |
Inadequate demonstration of expectations
68% 11 points |
Deficient level of performance
56% 9 points
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Failing level
of performance 55% or less 0 points |
| Total Points Possible= 50 | 16 Points | 14 Points | 13 Points | 11 Points | 9 Points | 0 Points |
| Scholarliness
Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic topics. |
Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three or more of the following elements
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| 16 Points | 14 Points | 13 Points | 11 Points | 9 Points | 0 Points | |
| Application of Course Knowledge
Demonstrate the ability to analyze and apply principles, knowledge and information learned in the outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations |
Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in the all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three of the following elements
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| 10 Points | 9 Points | 6 Points | 0 Points | |||
| Interactive Dialogue
Initial post should be a minimum of 300 words (references do not count toward word count) The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each (references do not count toward word count) Responses are substantive and relate to the topic. |
Demonstrated all of the following:
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Demonstrated 3 of the following:
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Demonstrated 2 of the following:
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Demonstrated 1 or less of the following:
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| 8 Points | 7 Points | 6 Points | 5 Points | 4 Points | 0 Points | |
| Grammar, Syntax, APA
Points deducted for improper grammar, syntax and APA style of writing. The source of information is the APA Manual 6th Edition Error is defined to be a unique APA error. Same type of error is only counted as one error. |
The following was present:
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The following was present:
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The following was present:
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The following was present:
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The following was present:
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The following was present:
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| 0 Points Deducted | 5 Points Lost | |||||
| Participation
Requirements |
Demonstrated the following:
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Failed to demonstrate the following:
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| 0 Points Lost | 5 Points Lost | |||||
| Due Date Requirements | Demonstrated all of the following:
A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT. |
Demonstrates one or less of the following.
A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT. |