NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Sample Answer for NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Included After Question

In this exercise, you will complete a 5-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:

Sexually transmitted diseases
Prostate
Epididymitis
Factors that affect fertility
Reproductive health
Alterations and fertility
Anemia
ITP and TTP
DIC
Thrombocytopeni

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

BY DAY 7 OF WEEK 10

Complete the Knowledge Check by Day 7 of Week 10.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Case Study

HH is a 68 yo M who has been admitted to the medical ward with community-acquired pneumonia for the past 3 days. His PMH is significant for COPD, HTN, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. He remains on empiric antibiotics, which include ceftriaxone 1 g IV qday (day 3) and azithromycin 500 mg IV qday (day 3). Since admission, his clinical status has improved, with decreased oxygen requirements. He is not tolerating a diet at this time with complaints of nausea and vomiting.

Ht: 5’8” Wt: 89 kg

Allergies: Penicillin (rash)

Discussion

Community-acquired pneumonia remains the single most common cause of death from infectious diseases in the elderly population. Adults aged over 65 years are a rapidly expanding cohort with growth rates more than twice that of younger populations with an expected 20% of the world’s population reaching elderly status by 2050, the burden of CAP will be even more significant in the coming years. Moreover, the annual incidence of CAP in elderly patients is estimated to be 25–44 cases per 1000 persons (Stupak et al., 2009). In the above case study patient is an elderly 68yrs old who has been admitted to the medical ward with community-acquired pneumonia for the past 3 days with his PMH is significant for COPD, HTN, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes who remains on empiric antibiotics, which include ceftriaxone 1 g IV qday (day 3) and azithromycin 500 mg IV qday (day 3). Since admission, his clinical status has improved, with decreased oxygen requirements however he is not tolerating a diet at this time with complaints of nausea and vomiting. Therefore, the following treatment and health needs are important.

NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Patient’s Health needs

Treatment and need for longer hospitalization stay with longer IV ABX treatment

Mr. HH is 68ys old elderly patient and he is at risk of infection for a longer period. To prevent the spread of infection, he might need more than 7days of IV ABX treatment even though he is improving. Moreover, he is not tolerating the diet currently and complains of nausea and vomiting. Therefore, he may require a longer hospitalization stay with a longer duration of parenteral IV ABX therapy before switching to an oral antibiotic along with antiemetic medication. The oral course of ABX can be started once his nausea/vomiting stop and able to tolerate the diet. Moreover, Pharmacists should evaluate medication choices, check for allergies and interactions, and educate patients about side effects and the importance of compliance.

Need for treatment of his co-morbidities

Mr. HH has other significant co-morbidities like COPD, HTN, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes and should be treated with a bronchodilator and steroids for COPD, anti-hypertensive for HTN, Statin and Cholesterol for hyperlipidemia and Metformin or insulin for diabetes along with treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

Need for hydration and nutritional diet

Particular attention should also be paid to nutritional status, fluid administration, functional status, and comorbidity stabilizing therapy in this group of frail patients (Simonetti et al., 2014).

Mr. HH is an elderly patient and risk of malnutrition since he is not tolerating his diet and complain of nausea and vomiting. Continuous iv fluids should be given for hydration and a nutritionist Consult should be done and parenteral nutrition should be started according to the needs of the patient.

Need for financial support

The patient’s financial status for treatment should be assessed by the case manager. If a Patient has Medicare or Medicaid, it will be covered by insurance but if the patient does not have insurance or financial support then the hospital should provide financial support via a charity fund or a discount should be given if possible.

Need for physical and psychological support

Physical support should be given by providing physical and occupational therapy to increase the activity of daily living, breathing exercises, and self-care. Help patient to maintain hygiene throughout the hospital stay. Similarly, emotional support should be provided by allowing him to express his feeling and allowing family time for emotional support that prevents depression.

Recommended Treatment

In the presence of comorbid illness (chronic heart disease excluding hypertension; chronic lung disease – COPD and asthma; chronic liver disease; chronic alcohol use disorder; diabetes mellitus; smoking; splenectomy; HIV or other immunosuppression), a respiratory fluoroquinolone (high-dose levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin) or a combination of oral beta-lactam (high dose amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime) and macrolide is recommended (Regunath & Oba, 2022).
For patients with a CURB 65 score of greater than or equal to 2, inpatient management is recommended. A respiratory fluoroquinolone monotherapy or combination therapy with beta-lactam (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ampicillin-sulbactam, or ertapenem) and macrolide are recommended options for nonintensive care settings (Regunath & Oba, 2022).
The pneumonia severity index score can be used to assess the severity and need for more hospitalization in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Diagnostic tests like chest X-ray, CT, or MRI can be done to identify infiltration or effusion
A complete blood count with differentials, serum electrolytes, and renal and liver function tests are indicated for confirming evidence of inflammation and assessing severity.
A chest x-ray will be needed to identify an infiltrate or effusion, which, if present, will improve diagnostic accuracy.
Blood and sputum cultures should be collected, preferably before the institution of antimicrobial therapy, but without delay in treatment.
Urine for Legionella and pneumococcal antigens must be considered as they aid in diagnosis when cultures are negative.
Influenza testing is recommended during the winter season. If available, testing for respiratory viruses on nasopharyngeal swabs by molecular methods can be considered. CURB 65 (confusion, urea greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL, respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30/min, blood pressure systolic less than 90 mmHg or diastolic less than 60 mmHg),
Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) are tools for severity assessment to determine the treatment setting, such as outpatient versus inpatient, but accuracy is limited when used alone or in the absence of effective clinical judgment.
Serology for tularemia, endemic mycoses, or psittacican be sent in the presence of epidemiologic clues

Education Strategy

The interpersonal level communication helps to use the community volunteer to alert the surrounding people about health hygiene, the impact of community-acquired pneumonia, treatment, antibiotic therapy, diagnosis, tests, and other health care services. Which can be conveyed even by conducting small-group educational programs. Moreover, elderly patients like HH should be provided education on the following topic:

The following education strategy for the Community-acquired Pneumonia

Staying compliance with medication helps in full recovery
Vaccination
All adults 65 years and older and those considered at risk for pneumonia must receive the pneumococcal vaccination. There are two vaccines available: PPSV 23 and PCV 13.
For all unvaccinated adults 65 years or older, first vaccinate with PCV 13, followed by PPSV 23 at least a year later for immune-competent patients and at least eight weeks or more apart for patients who are immune-compromised or asplenic.
Influenza vaccination is recommended for all adult patients at risk for complications from influenza. Inactivated flu shots (trivalent or quadrivalent, egg-based or recombinant) are usually recommended for adults.
Cessation of smoking: – Smoking is injurious to health and will damage the lungs by deteriorating their health condition. Educate patient on smoking cessation therapy and offer therapy like nicotine treatment
Hand Hygiene and mask

Proper hand hygiene and the use of a face mask while traveling in crowded places helps to prevent the transmission of disease and encouraged to wash hand with soap water or hand sanitizer

Diet and exercise: – Eating a well balanced diet like protein-rich food, and green leafy vegetables help to increase the immune system and prevent infection as well as malnutrition. Breathing exercise helps to improve respiration
Follow up with PCP to monitor the health status

Reference

Regunath H, Oba Y. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. [Updated 2022 Nov 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430749/

Stupka, J. E., Mortensen, E. M., Anzueto, A., & Restrepo, M. I. (2009). Community-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients. Aging health, 5(6), 763–774. https://doi.org/10.2217/ahe.09.74Links to an external site.

Simonetti, A. F., Viasus, D., Garcia-Vidal, C., & Carratalà, J. (2014). Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Therapeutic advances in infectious disease, 2(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049936113518041

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

The provided case study demonstrates a 14-year-old female patient with bruises and red splotches on her legs. The bruises are not related to trauma. The patient has been recovering from severe mononucleosis. Additional symptoms include bleeding gums and excessive oozing from the venipuncture site. Based on lab findings, it was discovered that the patient has a low platelet count. The patient is suspected to be suffering from immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the patient’s presenting condition can affect her fertility and inflammatory markers involved, among other complications like anemia, splenectomy, and prostatitis.

The Factors Affecting Fertility

The patient in the provided case study is recovering from a bad case of mononucleosis. This disease is normally caused by EBV and transmitted through saliva. EBV belongs to the herpes family and can be considered as an STI, but not all cases. Studies suggest that EBV may be associated with autoimmune ovarian failure, which can lead to infertility among women(Smolarczyk et al., 2021). Consequently, the patient displayed signs of ITP, which is normally caused by EBV. IPT is also associated with infertility among women. Recent research findings revealed that pregnant women diagnosed with ITP may be at high risk of fetal loss, stillbirth, and premature delivery.

Reasons Behind A Rise In Inflammatory Markers In STD/PID

Persistent pathogens like latent herpesviruses including EBV can trigger an inflammatory response. Replication of EBV can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines hence influencing systemic inflammation. A study conducted by Ke et al., (2020) found out that higher EBV antibody titers in chronic mononucleosis were associated with increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interferon-γ (IFNγ), interleukine-18(IL-18), and interleukine-6 (IL-6). The levels of these inflammatory markers depend on the severity of the patient’s condition, as they act as the body’s response mechanism against the viral infection.

Reasons behind Prostatitis and Associated Infections

Prostatitis normally occurs secondary to leakage of microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria into the prostate gland from the urinary tract. It may also occur as a result of the extension or spread lymphatic from the rectum. Microorganisms that might lead to prostatitis include EBV, HIV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,and Chlamydia trachomatis among others (Dikov et al., 2020). Studies have reported cases of EBV among patients with prostate cancer. Consequently, patients diagnosed with prostate cancer are at a higher risk of developing ITP caused by EBV.

Reasons Behind Splenectomy Among Patients Diagnosed With Immune Thrombocytopenia

Splenectomy is normally recommended forsteroid-refractory or dependent immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). However, it is only advisable among adult patients who require second-line therapy as a result of the failure of steroids in managing the disorder (Chaturvedi et al., 2018). Splenectomy is effective in this case as it removes the main destruction site, and is the primary source of synthesis of antiplatelet antibodies.

Anemia and Its Classifications

The patient in the provided case study recorded a low platelet level which is an indication of aplastic anemia. Generally, anemia can be defined as a blood disorder associated with the production of few red blood cells (RBC) by the body, the destruction of too many RBC, or the loss of too many blood cells. An inadequate amount of red blood cells deprives the body tissues of adequate oxygen, for normal body functioning (Chaparro & Suchdev, 2019). Based on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) anemia can be classified into four categories, microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic, and non-hemolytic normocytic anemia. Other types of anemia based on the causative mechanism include iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and sickle cell anemia. Several risk factors are associated with anemia such as race and ethnicity. For instance, blacks are more prone to anemia as compared to whites. This might be a result of socioeconomic advantages among other reasons.

Conclusion

The assigned case study presents an example of an adolescent suffering from ITP caused by EBV. This condition can be classified as an STI, can compromise the patient’s fertility given her childbearing age. ITP is also associated with low platelet count, which suggests possibilities of aplastic anemia.

References

Chaparro, C. M., & Suchdev, P. S. (2019). Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low-and middle-income countries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1450(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14092

Chaturvedi, S., Arnold, D. M., & McCrae, K. R. (2018). Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia: down but not out. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 131(11), 1172-1182. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-09-742353

Dikov, D. I., Koleva, M. S., Boivin, J. F., Lisner, T., Belovezhdov, V. T., & Sarafian, V. (2020). Histopathology of nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis with special reference to eosinophilic epithelial metaplasia: Pathophysiologic, diagnostic and differential diagnostic correlations. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 63(5), 34. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_568_18

Ke, X., He, H., Zhang, Q., Yuan, J., &Ao, Q. (2020). Epstein–Barr virus‐positive inflammatory follicular dendritic cell sarcoma presenting as a solitary colonic mass: two rare cases and a literature review. Histopathology, 77(5), 832-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14169

Smolarczyk, K., Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, B., Rudnicka, E., Szukiewicz, D., Meczekalski, B., Smolarczyk, R., & Pieta, W. (2021). The Impact of Selected Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Pregnancy and Female Fertility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042170

Week 10: Concepts of Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Literature, cinema, and other cultural references have long examined differences between women and men. These observations extend well beyond obvious and even inconspicuous traits to include cultural, behavioral, and biological differences that can impact pathophysiological process and, ultimately, health.

Understanding these differences in traits and their impact on pathophysiology can better equip acute care nurses to communicate to patients of both sexes. Furthermore, APRNs who are able to communicate these differences can better guide care to patients, whatever their gender.

Click here to ORDER an A++ paper from our MASTERS and DOCTORATE WRITERS ON NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Students will:

Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span
Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders
Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive function); Summary Review
Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp. 787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review
Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary Review
Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review
Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of the hematological system); Summary Review
Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary Review
Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review. NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Low, N. & Broutet N. J. (2017). Sexually transmitted infections – Research priorities for new challenges. PLoS Medicine, (12), e1002481

Kessler, C. M. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura [LK1] (ITP). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202158-overview

Nagalia, S. (2019). Pernicious anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-overview#a3

Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I. [LK1] (2019). Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management. Blood Journal, 131(5). Retrieved from http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/131/5/505?sso-checked=true

Credit Line: Anemia at older age: Etiologies, clinical implications and management by Stauder, R., Valent, P., & Theurl, I., in Blood Journal, Vol. 131/Issue 5. Copyright 2019 by American Society of Hematology. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Hematology via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Document: NURS 6501 Final Exam Review (PDF document)

Note: Use this document to help you as you review for your Final Exam in Week 11.

Required Media (click to expand/reduce)

Module 7 Overview with Dr. Tara Harris

NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders Dr. Tara Harris reviews the structure of Module 7 as well as the expectations for the module. Consider how you will manage your time as you review your media and Learning Resources throughout the module to prepare for your Knowledge Check and your Assignment. (3m)

Khan Academy. (2019a). Chronic disease vs iron deficiency anemia[LK1] . Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease/v/chronic-disease-vs-iron-deficiency-anemia

Note: The approximate length of the media program is 5 minutes.

Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

In addition to this week’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 24, 26, 28, and 30 that relate to the reproductive and hematological systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Hey Dorene Thanks for sharing this informative post, Patient in the scenario is older (68years) patient with the history of HTN, COPD, Diabetes, and Hyperlipidemia which places him at increased risk for developing CAP and also he is allergic to penicillin as per history. Patient is admitted to hospital for a CAP and is currently on 1g IV ceftriaxone and azithromycin 500mg IV/day for the last three days however patient is unable to tolerate his food well due to complains of nausea and vomiting. Ceftriaxone falls under the class of third-generation cephalosporin and also as per scenario patient is allergic to penicillin, and because of close relationship of the cephalosporin to penicillin, a patient who is allergic to penicillin may also be allergic to cephalosporin and hence it is most important to use it cautiously or avoid its use to prevent any adverse reactions.

Also cephalosporin should be used cautiously in patients with renal disease, hepatic impairment etc. as the patient in the scenario has a history of diabetes, and hypertension as well as patient may possibly have age related impairment. Also patient in the case study is experiencing nausea and vomiting which is adverse reaction of the cephalosporin that need to be addressed as soon as possible as that is preventing the patient from eating and tolerating his diet. The patient in the scenario is the older adult who is more susceptible to the nephrotoxic effects of the cephalosporin, particularly if there renal function id diminished due to aging or disease which in this scenario is diabetes, and hypertension. Hence it is very important to closely monitor patient for signs and symptoms of nephrotoxicity such as decrease in urine output and also blood creatinine levels should be monitored and dosage adjustment should be required.

Also patient is receiving azithromycin 500 mg IV/day for 3 days now and also experiencing nausea and vomiting which are adverse reactions to this medication. Since the patient is getting better with this antibiotic treatment regimen I think dosage adjustment which can possibly be azithromycin 500mg IV to 250mg IV can be helpful to manage the side effect of the medication and also prevent overdose due to age and disease related renal impairment and I would definitely recommend reconsideration of discontinuing ceftriaxone IV as patient in the scenario is allergic to penicillin and patients age and disease related impairment can place patient at risk for nephrotoxicity.

I agree with you on prescribing 4 mg IV Zofran every 6-8 hours as needed to temporary manage symptoms of nausea and vomiting as it can lead to dehydration, weakness, electrolytes imbalances as well as patient is diabetic so D51/2 NS to maintain essential electrolytes and hypoglycemia. Also looking at patient history of COPD, patient should be vaccinated annually with influenza and pneumococcal vaccine to prevent worsening of the COPD symptoms and acquiring pneumonia.

References

B. Amalakuhan – Managing community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly – the next generation of pharmacotherapy on the horizon. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://click.endnote.com/viewer?doi=10.1080%2F14656566.2017.1340937&token=WzE5Mzk5NDUsIjEwLjEwODAvMTQ2NTY1NjYuMjAxNy4xMzQwOTM3Il0.GF_n8TQXnEGp_IsMVlxxORVXjP8Links

Links to an external site.

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2^nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Knowledge Check: Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.

Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:
Sexually transmitted diseases
Prostate
Epididymitis
Factors that affect fertility
Reproductive health
Alterations and fertility
Anemia
ITP and TTP
DIC
Thrombocytopeni

Photo Credit: Getty Images

Complete the Knowledge Check By Day 7 of Week 10

To complete this Knowledge Check:

Module 7 Knowledge Check

Module 7 Assignment: Case Study Analysis

An understanding of the factors surrounding women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders can be critically important to disease diagnosis and treatment in these areas. This importance is magnified by the fact that some diseases and disorders manifest differently based on the sex of the patient.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond the human systems involved. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact..

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in systems based on these characteristics is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following as it applies to the scenario you were provided (not all may apply to each scenario):

The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic).

Day 7 of Week 10

Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates). All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Module 7 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Module 7 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Module 7 Assignment Rubric

Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

Submit your Module 7 Assignment draft and review the originality report.

Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10

To participate in this Assignment:

Module 7 Assignment

What’s Coming Up in Module 8?

Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images

In Module 8, you will examine pediatric pathophysiology. You will identify diseases, disorders and issues relevant to the treatment of children. You will also take the Final Exam for the course.

Week 11 Knowledge Check: Pediatrics

In the Week 11 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 11. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.

Week 11 Final Exam: Pediatrics

Photo Credit: Giii / iStock / Getty Images Plus / Getty Images

In the Week 11 Final Exam, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Weeks 7–11 of the course. This Final Exam will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Final Exam, since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan

Next Module

To go to the next module:

Module 8

Results Displayed All Answers, Submitted Answers, Correct Answers, Feedback, Incorrectly Answered Questions

Question 1

1 out of 1 points

Correct

What clinical symptoms are caused by multiple myeloma because the malignant cells reside in the bone marrow and not in the circulating blood?
Selected Answer:
Correct

Hypercalcemia and bone lesions
Answers:
Correct

Hypercalcemia and bone lesions

Hypocalcemia and bone lesions

Hyperkalemia and bone spurs

Hypokalemia and bone spurs
Question 2

1 out of 1 points

Correct

Defective DNA synthesis in bone marrow precursors usually creates erythrocytes that are _____________________.
Selected Answer:
Correct

macrocytic and normochromic
Answers:
Correct

macrocytic and normochromic

microcytic, and normochromic

macrocytic and hypochromic

microcytic and hypochromic
Question 3

0 out of 1 points

Incorrect

Reed-Sternberg cells are the classic abnormal cells in _______________________.
Selected Answer:
Incorrect

Hodgkin lymphoma
Answers:
Correct

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma

Multiple myeloma

Leukemia
Question 4

1 out of 1 points

Correct

Central precocious puberty is driven by what hormone?
Selected Answer:
Correct

GnRH
Answers:

ACTH

FSH

Correct

GnRH
Question 5

1 out of 1 points

Correct

The major symptom of invasive vaginal cancer is vaginal _________________.
Selected Answer:
Correct

bleeding
Answers:

dryness

Correct

bleeding

discharge

atrophy
Question 6

1 out of 1 points

Correct

What type of organism is Chlamydia caused by?
Selected Answer:
Correct

Gram-negative intracellular bacterium
Answers:

Gram-negative diplococci

Anaerobic spirochete

Correct

Gram-negative intracellular bacterium

Gram positive rod
Question 7

1 out of 1 points

Correct

What type of organism is gonorrhea caused by?
Selected Answer:
Correct

Gram-negative diplococci
Answers:
Correct

Gram-negative diplococci

Anaerobic spirochete

Gram-negative intracellular bacterium

Gram positive rod
Question 8

0 out of 1 points

Incorrect

The risk for developing gonorrhea from vaginal or anal intercourse with an infected partner is greater for the receptive partner.

Selected Answer:
Incorrect

False
Answers:
Correct

True

False
Question 9

0 out of 1 points

Incorrect

Lactoferrin released by neutrophils during bacterial infection binds iron, thus contributing to iron- deficiency anemia.
Selected Answer:
Incorrect

True
Answers:

True

Correct

False
Question 10

0 out of 1 points

Incorrect

In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells in the osteoblastic niche are active.
Selected Answer:
Incorrect

True
Answers:

True

Correct

False
Question 11

0 out of 1 points

Incorrect

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) begins in the what area of the prostate?
Selected Answer:
Incorrect

periphery
Answers:

periphery

Correct

inner layers

central zone

transition zone
Question 12

1 out of 1 points

Correct

The release of what chemical causes chronic inflammation leading to anemia of chronic disease by decreasing the availability of iron and inhibiting erythroid progenitors?
Selected Answer:
Correct

cytokines
Answers:

macrophages

Correct

cytokines

antibodies

hapten
Question 13

1 out of 1 points

Correct

Platelets that are activated have what shape?
Selected Answer:
Correct

Jagged with spiky edges
Answers:

Smooth and round

Long and narrow

Correct

Jagged with spiky edges

Thick and rugged
Question 14

1 out of 1 points

Correct

How does bacteria reach the prostate to cause acute bacterial prostatitis?

Selected Answer:
Correct

through the urinary tract
Answers:

blood circulation

Correct

through the urinary tract

via the testes

through the epididymis
Question 15

1 out of 1 points

Correct

Which of the following cells are granulocytes?
Selected Answer:
Correct

Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil
Answers:

Macrophage, natural killer cell, and lymphocyte

Correct

Neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil

Monocyte, basophil, and eosinphil

Neutrophil, natural killer cell, and lymphocyte
Question 16

0 out of 1 points

Incorrect

In a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome, the APRN would expect which hormone changes?
Selected Answer:
Incorrect

Increased androgens and decreased estrogens
Answers:

Increased androgens and decreased estrogens

Decreased androgens and increased estrogens

Correct

Increased androgens and increased estrogens

Decreased androgens and decreased estrogens
Question 17

0 out of 1 points

Incorrect

What type of organism is syphilis caused by?
Selected Answer:
Incorrect

Gram-negative intracellular bacterium
Answers:

Gram-negative diplococci

Correct

Anaerobic spirochete

Gram-negative intracellular bacterium

Gram positive rod
Question 18

1 out of 1 points

Correct

Which of the following stimulates bone marrow to produce more platelets?
Selected Answer:
Correct

Thrombopoietin
Answers:

Plasminogen

Correct

Thrombopoietin

Erythropoietin

Plasmin
Question 19

1 out of 1 points

Correct

Iron deficiency anemia is characterized as:
Selected Answer:
Correct

Microcytic-hypochromic
Answers:

Macrocytic-normochromic

Microcytic-normochromic

Macrocytic-hypochromic

Correct

Microcytic-hypochromic
Question 20

1 out of 1 points

Correct

Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder occur during which phase of the menstrual cycle?
Selected Answer:
Correct

luteal
Answers:
Correct

luteal

follicular

ovulation

menstruatio

This week, you examine fundamental concepts of women’s and men’s health disorders. You also explore
common infections and hematologic disorders, and you apply the key terms and concepts that help
communicate the pathophysiological nature of these issues to patients.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
 Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the life span
 Analyze processes related to women’s and men’s health, infections, and hematologic disorders
 Identify racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
 Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology

Learning Resources

Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and
children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
 Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems (stop at Tests of reproductive
function); Summary Review
 Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System (stop at Organ prolapse); pp.
787–788 (start at Impaired fertility) (stop at Disorders of the female breast); Summary Review
 Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System (stop at Hormone levels); Summary
Review
 Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections, including Summary Review
 Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematological System (stop at Clinical evaluation of
the hematological system); Summary Review
 Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function, including Summary
Review
 Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function, including Summary Review

A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

Scenario 1: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

A 29-year-old female presents to the clinic with a complaint of hirsutism and irregular menses. She describes irregular and infrequent menses (five or six per year) since menarche at 11 years of age. She began to develop dark, coarse facial hair when she was 13 years of age, but her parents did not seek treatment or medical opinion at that time. The symptoms worsened after she gained weight in college. She got married 3 years ago and has been trying to get pregnant for the last 2 years without success. Height 66 inches and weight 198. BMI 32 kg.m². Moderate hirsutism without virilization noted. Laboratory data reveal CMP within normal limits (WNL), CBC with manual differential (WNL), TSH 0.9 IU/L SI units (normal 0.4-4.0 IU/L SI units), a total testosterone of 65 ng/dl (normal 2.4-47 ng/dl), and glycated hemoglobin level of 6.1% (normal value ≤5.6%). Based on this information, the APRN diagnoses the patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and refers her to the Women’s Health APRN for further workup and management.

Question

1. What is the pathogenesis of PCOS?

Selected Answer:

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has an underlying genetic component that causes irregular ovulation, increased androgens, and ovaries with polycystic characteristics (McCance & Huether, 2019). Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance increase androgen secretion via the ovaries’ supportive structures and reduce sex-hormone-binding globulin (McCance & Huether, 2019). Elevated leptin levels act on the hypothalamus interfering with hormone production. Follicular growth and apoptosis alterations influence the absence of ovulation, creating inappropriate functioning of FSH and LH. Cortical thickening increases subcortical stroma, and hyperplasia occurs (McCance & Huether, 2019)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to release eggs regularly.

other factors that may contribute to the development of PCOS include:

· Excess insulin. Insulin is the hormone produced in the pancreas that allows cells to use sugar, your body’s primary energy supply. If your cells become resistant to the action of insulin, then your blood sugar levels can rise, and your body might produce more insulin. Excess insulin might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation.

· Low-grade inflammation. This term describes white blood cells’ production of substances to fight infection. Research has shown that women with PCOS have a type of low-grade inflammation that stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens, leading to heart and blood vessel problems.

· Excess androgen. The ovaries produce abnormally high androgen levels, resulting in hirsutism and acne. Early diagnosis of PCOS and treatment and weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Complications of PCOS can include: Infertility, Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure, miscarriage or premature birth, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Metabolic syndrome including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, Sleep apnea, Depression, anxiety and eating disorders, Abnormal uterine bleeding, and cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer). It is important to note that these complications are more severe in overweight women.

Correct Answer:

The pathogenesis of PCOS has been linked to altered luteinizing hormone (LH) action, insulin resistance, and a possible predisposition to hyperandrogenism. One theory maintains that underlying insulin resistance exacerbates hyperandrogenism by suppressing synthesis of sex hormone–binding globulin and increasing adrenal and ovarian synthesis of androgens, thereby increasing androgen levels. These androgens then lead to irregular menses and physical manifestations of hyperandrogenism. The hyperandrogenic state is a cardinal feature of PCOS but glucose intolerance/insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia often run parallel to and markedly aggravate the hyperandrogenic state, thus contributing to the severity of signs and symptoms of PCOS.

Response Feedback:

[None Given]

Scenario 1: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Question

1. What is the pathogenesis of PCOS?

Your Answer:

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by abnormalities in the control of androgen synthesis and the metabolism of estrogen and androgens. The typical features of PCOS are menstrual dysfunction, anovulation, and signs of hyperandrogenism. Other clinical manifestations of PCOS include hirsutism which is excessive body hair in a male distribution pattern caused by hyperandrogenism. The exact pathogenesis of PCOS is unclear, but it is thought to be a result of abnormal function of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian axis (Escobar-Morreale, 2018). The pathophysiology of PCOS is associated with altered action of luteinizing hormone, insulin resistance, and probable predisposition to hyperandrogenism. Insulin resistance exacerbates hyperandrogenism since it suppresses the synthesis of sex hormone-binding globulin and increases adrenal and ovarian synthesis of androgens hence increasing androgen levels (Pfieffer, 2019). The androgens cause irregular menstruation and the physical features of hyperandrogenism.

References

Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(5), 270.

Pfieffer, M. L. (2019). Polycystic ovary syndrome: Diagnosis and management. The Nurse Practitioner, 44(3), 30-35