Sample Answer for NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics Included After Question
Pediatric disorders can present unique challenges to patients, families, and healthcare providers. Disorders in these areas are complicated by the fact that young patients can have difficulties communicating symptoms. Furthermore, the manner in which disease and disorders manifest in children may be unique.
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APRNs working to support these patients and their loved ones must demonstrate not only support and compassion, but expertise to communicate and guide understanding of diagnoses and treatment plans. This includes an understanding of disease and disorders at the pediatric level.
This week, you examine pathophysiology in pediatrics. You apply key terms, concepts, and principles in this area to demonstrate an understanding of the impact they have on altered physiology in children.
Learning Objectives NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Students will:
Analyze concepts and principles of pathophysiology across the lifespan
Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Chapter 14: Cancer in Children, including Summary Review
Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children (stop at Childhood tumors); Summary Review
Chapter 34: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children (stop at Defects decreasing pulmonary blood flow); Summary Review
Chapter 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children (stop at Congenital malformations); Summary Review
Chapter 40: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children, including Summary Review
Chapter 43: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children, including Summary Review
Chapter 46: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children (stop at Avascular diseases); (start at Cerebral palsy) (musculoskeletal tumors in children); Summary Review
Chapter 48: Alterations of the Integument in Children, including Summary Review
Chapter 50: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children, including Summary Review
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2019). Normal growth and development. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002456.htm
Document: NURS 6501 Final Exam Review (PDF document)
Note: Use this document to help you as you review for your Final Exam in Week 11.
Required Media (click to expand/reduce)
Knowledge Check: Pediatrics
NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics In this exercise, you will complete a 10- to 20-essay type question Knowledge Check to gauge your understanding of this module’s content.
Possible topics covered in this Knowledge Check include:
Growth and development
Normal growth patterns
Scoliosis (ortho)
Kawasaki
Alterations in children
Congenital (heart syndrome)
PDAs
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Asthma
Lead poisoning and effects on neurological functioning
Sickle cell
Hemophilia
Photo Credit: laflor / E+ / Getty Images
(Note: It is strongly recommended that you take the Knowledge Check at least 48 hours before taking the Final Exam.)
Complete the Knowledge Check By Day 5 of Week 11
To complete this Knowledge Check:
Module 8 Knowledge Check
Final Exam
This 101-question exam is a test of your knowledge in preparation for your certification exam. No outside resources, including books, notes, websites, or any other type of resource, are to be used to complete this exam. You are expected to comply with Walden University’s Code of Conduct.
This exam will be on topics covered in Weeks 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Prior to starting the exam, you should review all of your materials. This exam is timed with a limit of 2 hours for completion. When time is up, your exam will automatically submit.
(Note: It is strongly recommended that you take the Knowledge Check at least 48 hours before taking the Final Exam.)
Photo Credit: Getty Images
By Day 7 of Week 11
Complete and submit your Final Exam.
To complete your exam:
Final Exam
What’s Coming Up?
Congratulations! After you have finished all of the assignments for this week, you have completed the course. Please submit your Course Evaluation by Day 7.
Results Displayed All Answers, Submitted Answers, Correct Answers, Feedback, Incorrectly Answered Questions
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Scenario 1: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
An 11-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents who states that the boy has not been eating and listless. The mother also notes that he has been easily bruising without trauma as he says he is too tired to go out and play. He says his bones hurt sometimes. Mother states the child has had intermittent fevers that respond to acetaminophen.
Maternal history negative for pre, intra, or post-partum problems.
PMH: Negative. Easily reached developmental milestones.
PE: reveals a thin, very pale child who has bruises on his arms and legs in no particular pattern.
LABS: CBC revealed Hemoglobin of 6.9/dl, hematocrit of 19%, and platelet count of 80,000/mm3. The CMP demonstrated a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 34m g/dl and creatinine of 2.9 mg/dl.
DIAGNOSIS: acute leukemia and renal failure and immediately refers the patient to the Emergency Room where a pediatric hematologist has been consulted and is waiting for the boy and his parents.
CONFIRMED DX: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was made after extensive testing.
Question
- Explain what ALL is?
Your Answer:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer that primarily affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cells, specifically lymphoblasts, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. In a healthy individual, these cells mature into different types of lymphocytes that play crucial roles in defending the body against infections.
In ALL, the abnormal lymphoblasts accumulate in the bone marrow, interfering with the production of normal blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. As a result, the bone marrow becomes overcrowded with cancerous cells, leading to a decrease in the production of healthy blood cells.
The symptoms described in the scenario, such as fatigue, paleness, bruising, bone pain, and fever, are common manifestations of ALL. The reduced number of red blood cells (anemia) leads to fatigue and pallor, while the decreased platelet count contributes to easy bruising and bleeding. The bone pain could be a result of the overcrowding of the bone marrow with cancerous cells.
A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Scenario 1: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
An 11-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents who states that the boy has not been eating and listless. The mother also notes that he has been easily bruising without trauma as he says he is too tired to go out and play. He says his bones hurt sometimes. Mother states the child has had intermittent fevers that respond to acetaminophen.
Maternal history negative for pre, intra, or post-partum problems.
PMH: Negative. Easily reached developmental milestones.
PE: reveals a thin, very pale child who has bruises on his arms and legs in no particular pattern.
LABS: CBC revealed Hemoglobin of 6.9/dl, hematocrit of 19%, and platelet count of 80,000/mm3. The CMP demonstrated a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 34m g/dl and creatinine of 2.9 mg/dl.
DIAGNOSIS: acute leukemia and renal failure and immediately refers the patient to the Emergency Room where a pediatric hematologist has been consulted and is waiting for the boy and his parents.
CONFIRMED DX: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was made after extensive testing.
Question
- Why does ARF occur in some patients with ALL?
Your Answer:
Acute Renal Failure (ARF) can occur in some patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) due to multiple factors. The rapid breakdown of leukemic cells, often seen in the initial stages of treatment, can result in Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS), leading to an overload of electrolytes and waste products in the bloodstream that overwhelms the kidneys’ filtering capacity. Additionally, chemotherapy, while targeting cancer cells, can inadvertently damage healthy cells including those in the kidneys, contributing to kidney dysfunction. Leukemic cells infiltrating the kidneys can disrupt their normal function, infections and sepsis can trigger a systemic inflammatory response affecting kidney blood flow, and the overall physical stress of ALL symptoms, such as reduced fluid intake and vomiting, can lead to dehydration and hypovolemia. This combination of factors can lead to renal failure, characterized by elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, requiring prompt and targeted intervention to manage kidney dysfunction alongside the treatment of ALL.
A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Scenario 2: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
A 15-year-old male with known sickle cell disease (SCD) present to the ER in sickle cell crisis. The patient is crying with pain and states this is the third acute episode he has had in the last 10-months. Both parents are present and appear very anxious and teary eyed. A diagnosis of acute sickle cell crisis was made.
Question
- Explain the pathophysiology of acute SCD crisis. Why is pain the predominate feature of acute crises?
Your Answer:
Acute Sickle Cell Crisis in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is characterized by the blockage of small blood vessels due to clumping of misshapen red blood cells, causing reduced blood flow and tissue oxygenation. This vaso-occlusion triggers inflammation, activating pain receptors in the affected areas, resulting in severe pain. Additionally, the cycle of blockage and release during vaso-occlusion leads to tissue damage and further inflammation, intensifying the pain. This complex process involving vaso-occlusion, inflammation, tissue ischemia, and pain receptor activation collectively makes pain the predominant feature of acute SCD crises.
A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Scenario 2: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
A 15-year-old male with known sickle cell disease (SCD) present to the ER in sickle cell crisis. The patient is crying with pain and states this is the third acute episode he has had in the last 10-months. Both parents are present and appear very anxious and teary eyed. A diagnosis of acute sickle cell crisis was made.
Question
- Discuss the genetic basis for SCD.
Your Answer:
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is caused by a genetic mutation in the beta-globin gene, resulting in the production of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). HbS causes red blood cells to become rigid and take on a sickle shape, leading to blockages in blood vessels (vaso-occlusion), reduced oxygen delivery, tissue damage, and acute pain episodes. SCD is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, requiring two copies of the mutated gene for the disease to manifest. Carriers of one normal and one mutated gene have sickle cell trait.
A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Title: NURS 6501 Knowledge Check Pediatrics
Scenario 3: Hemophilia
8-month infant is brought into the office due to a swollen right knee and excessive bruising. The parents have noticed bruising about a month ago but thought the bruising was due to the attempts to crawl. They became concerned when the baby woke up with a swollen knee. Infant up to date on all immunizations, has not had any medical problems since birth and has met all developmental milestones.
FH: negative for any history of bleeding disorders or other major genetic diseases.
PE: within normal limits except for obvious bruising on the extremities and right knee. Knee is swollen but no warmth appreciated. Range of motion of knee limited due to the swelling.
DIAGNOSIS: hemophilia A.
Question
- What is the pathophysiology of Hemophilia
Your Answer:
Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder where there is a deficiency or dysfunction of a specific clotting factor (factor VIII in hemophilia A or factor IX in hemophilia B). This disruption in the clotting cascade leads to ineffective formation of stable blood clots. As a result, individuals with hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding after injuries or trauma, as well as spontaneous bleeding into joints and soft tissues. Diagnosis involves measuring clotting factor levels, and treatment includes replacing the deficient clotting factor to control bleeding and prevent complications.
The physiologic response to the amoxicillin was a type 1 hypersensitivity response. Cells in the body saw amoxicillin as a threat and started an inflammatory immune response. It all begins with mast cells. Mast cells line skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue. They can be activated by injury, chemicals, adaptive immune responses, or recognizing molecular patterns of viruses and bacteria (McCance & Huether, 2019). Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a chemical floating in blood plasm, binds to mast cells causing the release prostaglandins, interleukins, leukotrienes, and histamine through a process called degranulation. Mast cells also release chemicals that attract neutrophils and eosinophils to sites of injury where they phagocytose foreign invaders to the body. Histamine is the most important chemical in this reaction. When it binds to the H1 receptor it causes hives, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, and increased mucous production. This allows phagocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and dendritic cells to enter the injured area. Red blood cells (RBCs), other body fluids, along with all white blood cells pass through causing edema to the affected areas. All of this extra fluid responding to the threat caused edema to his tongue, lips, airway and increased secretion of lung tissues. This is an urgent issue as it leads to airway compromise which is life threatening.
Strep throat is seen more in children than adults, especially ages five to 15 (CDC, 2018). Crowded areas such as schools and daycare centers increase risk of transmission (CDC, 2018). As of late, the quarantine has kept children at home so this could be slowing the spread. He is on the high end of the age for those children getting strep throat, but his social situation can also influence it.
Genetic factors play a role too. Approximately ten percent of all U.S. patients report having allergies to a penicillin class antibiotic in their past (CDC, n.d.). Parents can pass down allergies through genetics (NCBI, 2014). This is why it is a good idea to have children tested for allergies when they are younger. That way severe allergic reactions can be anticipated, and life-threatening situations can be avoided.
Grading Rubric
| Performance Category | 100% or highest level of performance
100% 16 points |
Very good or high level of performance
88% 14 points |
Acceptable level of performance
81% 13 points |
Inadequate demonstration of expectations
68% 11 points |
Deficient level of performance
56% 9 points
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Failing level
of performance 55% or less 0 points |
| Total Points Possible= 50 | 16 Points | 14 Points | 13 Points | 11 Points | 9 Points | 0 Points |
| Scholarliness
Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic topics. |
Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three or more of the following elements
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| 16 Points | 14 Points | 13 Points | 11 Points | 9 Points | 0 Points | |
| Application of Course Knowledge
Demonstrate the ability to analyze and apply principles, knowledge and information learned in the outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations |
Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in the all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements:
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Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three of the following elements
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| 10 Points | 9 Points | 6 Points | 0 Points | |||
| Interactive Dialogue
Initial post should be a minimum of 300 words (references do not count toward word count) The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each (references do not count toward word count) Responses are substantive and relate to the topic. |
Demonstrated all of the following:
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Demonstrated 3 of the following:
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Demonstrated 2 of the following:
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Demonstrated 1 or less of the following:
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| 8 Points | 7 Points | 6 Points | 5 Points | 4 Points | 0 Points | |
| Grammar, Syntax, APA
Points deducted for improper grammar, syntax and APA style of writing. The source of information is the APA Manual 6th Edition Error is defined to be a unique APA error. Same type of error is only counted as one error. |
The following was present:
AND
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The following was present:
AND/OR
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The following was present:
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The following was present:
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The following was present:
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The following was present:
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| 0 Points Deducted | 5 Points Lost | |||||
| Participation
Requirements |
Demonstrated the following:
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Failed to demonstrate the following:
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| 0 Points Lost | 5 Points Lost | |||||
| Due Date Requirements | Demonstrated all of the following:
A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT. |
Demonstrates one or less of the following.
A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT. |