Sample Answer for NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU Included After Question
At its core, pathology is the study of disease. Diseases occur for many reasons. But some, such as cystic fibrosis and Parkinson’s Disease, occur because of alterations that prevent cells from functioning normally.
Understanding of signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
For this Discussion, you examine a case study and explain the disease that is suggested. You examine the symptoms reported and explain the cells that are involved and potential alterations and impacts.
RESOURCES
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.
WEEKLY RESOURCES
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific scenario for this Discussion. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
BY DAY 3 OF WEEK 1
Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:
- The role genetics plays in the disease.
- Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
- The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
- The cells that are involved in this process.
- How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.
BY DAY 6 OF WEEK 1
Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not.
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the Cystic Fibrosis trans-membrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. Often, the CFTR gene provides commands and instructions for the CFTR protein. However, for an individual to have CF, they must inherit copies of the CFTR gene with mutation (Peters, 2014). With the 23 pairs of chromosomes that human beings have, the CF gene is chromosome number seven. The affected receptors are inside the sweat glands that release sodium chloride. In CF, the chloride receptors are abnormal; thus, the chloride cannot move back into the body. The chloride then moves onto the skin, followed by sodium, causing the skin to taste salty.
The baby tastes salty due to the accumulation of chloride ions in the mucus-producing cells. Considering that the CFTR proteins play the role of controlling the amount of salt in the perspiration glands, its insufficiency may lead to dehydration due to salt loss in the sweat glands (Peters, 2014). On the other hand, blockage occurs due to the collection of mucus, and the cilia mobility gets impaired, causing a congested chest in the baby. Also, the baby is suffering from Colic due to accumulated secretions in the digestive duct due to malabsorption. According to Huether & McCance (2019), when the pancreatic enzymes decrease, the digestive enzymes in the intestines also decrease, leading to the malabsorption of nutrients responsible for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Consequently, an individual experiences abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting (Brown et al., 2017).
Concerning the physiologic response to the stimulus presented, it is essential first to understand that for children with cystic fibrosis, the CFTR sticks inside the endoplasmic reticulum cell organelle, which is a sac within a cell that facilitate protein synthesis like CFTR together with other cell functions (Brown et al., 2017). however, despite there being n specific cure, vaccinations, breathing system treatments, physical therapies, and medications can be important. Another characteristic that would change the response aligns with whether the mother will have more children. In this case, the disease gene heterozygous carriers are present with her spouse, meaning that there are chances for recurrence of the disease, mostly 50% of the other child having a similar disease. The parents are required to seek medical and genetic counseling to identify the possibilities of autosomal recessive genetic diseases.
References
Brown, S. D., White, R., & Tobin, P. (2017). Keep them breathing: Cystic fibrosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of PAs, 30(5), 23-27.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology-E-book: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Peters, S. (2014). Cystic fibrosis: a review of pathophysiology and current treatment recommendations. South Dakota Medicine: the Journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association, 67(4), 148-51.
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A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disease that is more common among Whites in the US (Brown et al., 2017). It is estimated that more than 30,000 people live with CF and occurs in one out of 3500 births annually. While it is a disease affecting multiple organs, CF’s impacts on the pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality (Brown et al., 2017).
The genetics involved in CF
Mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are associated with the development of CF symptoms (Brown et al., 2017). The CFTR gene is responsible for regulating the transport of salts – sodium and chloride ions, in particular – across different body tissues. Mutations to these genes inherited from both parents cause impaired and defective transport of salt ions and a decrease in water movement, resulting in the build-up of thick mucus throughout the body (McBennett et al., 2022). The increased mucous across body systems cause obstruction and abnormalities that produce respiratory insufficiency. The mucus, along with impaired ion transport, also creates a conducive environment for bacterial colonization, which produces a severe inflammatory response (Brown et al., 2017). When this inflammatory response repeats over time, the destruction of tissues along the affected systems can occur. Additionally, thick mucus around the pancreas can impact its functions by limiting the secretion of digestive enzymes, leading to difficulties digesting food, poor absorption of nutrients, and poor weight gain (Endres & Konstan, 2022).
Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described?
The patient is presenting with the symptoms described because of impaired gastrointestinal functions. In particular, difficulties digesting food from impaired pancreatic functions cause discomfort, swelling, and crying after eating (Endres & Konstan, 2022). Additionally, impaired absorption of nutrients causes poor weight gain even though the child is eating well.
The physiologic response to the stimulus and cells involved in the process
Normally, food intake triggers multiple physiologic processes, including the secretion of digestive enzymes important in breaking down food. However, because CF is associated with thick mucus that may block enzyme ducts, there is impaired digestion and absorption of food. Besides the gastrointestinal cells, epithelial cells are also involved.
Impact of other characteristics
CF affects all individuals from different races, ethnicities, and gender, although it is more common among non-Hispanic Whites. However, a particular characteristic that would change the pathophysiologic processes involved in the disease would be age. According to Brown et al. (2017), gastrointestinal disturbances are more common in infants but respiratory distress characterized by recurrent wheezing, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and shortness of breath with exercise will become more common with age. Furthermore, CF may cause infertility in men and difficulty getting pregnant in women (Endres & Konstan, 2022).
Response to the patient
The patient’s mother wants to know what cystic fibrosis is and if they can still have children. In responding to this patient, I would explain the causes and genetic susceptibility of CF, including the common symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Regarding whether they should have other children, I would emphasize that this is a personal choice for them but provide vital information to help them inform their decision. Considering That their two children have symptoms of CF, there is a high chance the next child will also have CF, which may be challenging for parents. I would inform the parent of these challenges and also discuss how advancements in science have allowed CF to be managed effectively with CFTR modulator therapy (McBennett et al., 2022). Having provided this information, I would encourage the parent to talk with her partners.
References
Brown, S. D., White, R., & Tobin, P. (2017). Keep them breathing: Cystic fibrosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 30(5), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000515540.36581.92
Endres, T. M., & Konstan, M. W. (2022). What is cystic fibrosis? JAMA, 327(2), 191–191. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23280
McBennett, K. A., Davis, P. B., & Konstan, M. W. (2022). Increasing life expectancy in cystic fibrosis: Advances and challenges. Pediatric Pulmonology, 57(S1), S5-S12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25733
A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Genetics, or hereditary, is the most common risk factor for cystic fibrosis. I agree that educating patients about cystic fibrosis is critical to the disease’s successful management. Every year, approximately 1,000 new cases of CF are diagnosed in the United States. CF is still a life-threatening disease, despite recent advances in treatment. It can, however, be effectively managed with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy, which targets specific mutations in the CFTR gene.
According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (n.d.), one in every four children (25%) will have CF, and one in every two (50%) will be a carrier but not have CF. When the topic of having children comes up, it is critical that couples consider genetic counseling and testing to be aware of the possibilities. I believe that if parents are properly educated and receive genetic testing, they will be able to make an informed decision. I would tell this mother that if she has CF, she may need to take extra precautions when it comes to family planning. This is because CF can affect both men and women’s fertility. In women, CF can cause problems with the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and uterus, making it difficult to get pregnant. If she is thinking about expanding her family, she should talk to her CF care team about her specific risks.
Brown, S. D., White, R., & Tobin, P. (2017). Keep them breathing: Cystic fibrosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of PAs, 30(5), 23-27. https:// doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000515540.36581.92
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. (n.d.). About Cystic Fibrosis. Retrieved from https://www.cf.org/What-is CF/About-Cystic-Fibrosis/
Endres, T. M., & Konstan, M. W. (2022). What is cystic fibrosis? JAMA, 327(2), 191–191. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.23280
A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Thank you for your input on this discussion of the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF). I agree with your assessment of this child. Thickened mucus is one of the main issues caused by cystic fibrosis. This mucus affects both the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract of CF patients. Pancreatic enzymes aid in an effective digestive system. Pancreatic insufficiency is commonly present affecting 85% of persons diagnosed with CF, and it typically presents shortly after birth (Singh & Schwarzenberg, 2017). Common symptoms noted when the pancreas does not function properly are “diarrhea, weight loss, vitamin deficiency symptoms, abdominal distension, and flatulence” (Johnson et al., 2017, para. 3).
References
Johnson, C. D., Arbuckle, R., Bonner, N., Connett, G., Dominguez-Munoz, E., Levy, P., Staab, D., Williamson, N., & Lerch, M. M. (2017). Qualitative assessment of the symptoms and impact of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) to inform the development of a Patient-Reported outcome (PRO) instrument. The Patient – Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 10(5), 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-017-0233-0
Singh, V. K., & Schwarzenberg, S. J. (2017). Pancreatic insufficiency in Cystic Fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 16, S70–S78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2017.06.011
A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Week 1 Case Study: A mother brings her 6-month-old daughter to the HCP for evaluation of possible colic. The mother says the baby has had many episodes of crying after eating and, despite having a good appetite, is not gaining weight. The mother says the baby’s belly “gets all swollen sometimes.” The mother says the baby tastes “salty” when the mother kisses the baby. Further work up reveals a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The mother relates that her 23-month-old son has had multiple episodes of “chest congestion” and was hospitalized once for pneumonia. The mother wants to know what cystic fibrosis is and she also wants to know if she should have any more children.
The role genetics plays in the disease.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease of the exocrine glands that affects several organ systems, the most important of which are the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. CF is caused by a faulty CF gene on chromosome 7, one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that children inherit from their parents. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene has a minor abnormality known as a mutation, which is a change in the DNA sequence caused by mistakes when the DNA is copied or by environmental factors such as UV light and cigarette smoke. This mutation causes the CFTR protein to express abnormally. Because CF is an autosomal recessive disease, an individual must be homozygous for the recessive allele to express the disease. In other words, everyone has two genes that express a trait. If both parents have one CF gene, they are both carriers, and when they have a child and each of them passes on the CF gene to their child, the child ends up with two CF genes and will have CF. So, when two heterozygous carriers of CF genes have a child, there is a 25% (1 in 4) chance that the child will have CF, a 50% (1 in 2) chance that the child will be a carrier and will not have CF, and a 25% (1 in 4) chance that the child will not be a carrier and will not have CF.
Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
The most common clinical manifestations of CF affect the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. The 6-month-old baby cries after eating, has no weight gain despite a good appetite, tastes salty when kissed, and has abdominal distention, all of which indicate gastrointestinal symptoms related to CF. The thick, sticky secretion produced by the CFTR protein causes bowel movement to become stuck in the baby’s ileus, resulting in an obstruction and abdominal distention, causing the baby to cry after eating. Mucus buildup in the pancreas prevents the release of digestive enzymes that help the body absorb food and essential nutrients, resulting in malnutrition and poor growth in the baby. The CFTR protein balances fluid and salt in the cell; however, when the gene is mutated, CFTR functions poorly and salt is not transported correctly, explaining the salty taste in the baby’s skin.
The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
The physiologic response seen in the scenario is a result of the mutation of the CFTR protein in the epithelial cells. This leads to mucus obstruction of pancreatic ducts, blocking pancreatic enzymes, and sticky mucus in the bronchioles, all contributing to the indigestion, constipation, chest congestion with obstruction of nasal airflow, and failure to thrive described in the scenario.
The cells that are involved in this process.
The CFTR protein is an activated chloride channel found on the surface of many different types of epithelial cells, including those that line the airways, bile ducts, pancreas, sweat ducts, paranasal sinuses, and the vas deferens. CFTR regulates the flow of water and salt into and out of cells in the body, and changes cause mucus to thicken and stick together. This first affects the small airways in the lungs, but it can spread to all airways over time. The pancreas’ thick, sticky mucus prevents the release of digestive enzymes, which aid in the body’s absorption of food and essential nutrients.
How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.
A person’s risk for CF may be increased due to family history and genetics, gender, and race or ethnicity. A person is more likely to develop cystic fibrosis if one or both parents is a carrier of a mutated CFTR gene or has the disease. A person is also more likely to develop CF if a sibling, half-sibling, or first cousin has the disease. Because CF is a non-sex-linked chromosome, it can affect both men and women equally. Caucasians have the highest carrier rate of CF, at 1 in 29. Hispanics (1 in 46), African Americans (1 in 65) and it is uncommon among Asian Americans (1 in 90).
References
Brown, S. D., White, R., & Tobin, P. (2017). Keep them breathing: Cystic fibrosis pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of PAs, 30(5), 23-27. https:// doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000515540.36581.92
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. (n.d.). What is cystic fibrosis? https://www.cff.org/What-isCF/About-Cystic-Fibrosis/
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
A Sample Answer 6 For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Our individual genes can influence our risk for various type of diseases. There are variations in our DNA and differences in how our DNA functions alongside the environment and lifestyle
that can contribute to the disease process. The instructions for generating a human are decoded in the DNA present in out cells. Most of our DNA is present in the nucleus as chromosomes.
Most of us possess 23 pairs of chromosomes so the DNA content is present in 2 copies; one from Mother and from the mother. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease of mucous glands
slippery substance your body secretes to cover and protect the lungs, digestive system, reproductive systems and others organs and tissues. Cystic fibrosis causes to the body to
produce an excessive amount of mucous that is abnormally thick and sticky. If untreated, it can lead to death. If caught early, a person can live a long health life. The first signs of cystic
fibrosis in babies are coughing, wheezing, lots of mucous in the lungs, many lung infections, shortness of breath, salty skin and slow growth. Baby tastes salty when the mother kisses her.
Parents with a cystic fibrosis gene can pass down to their kids. A child will be born with cystic fibrosis only if two cystic fibrosis genes are inherited, one from the mother and one from the
father. Cystic fibrosis is the most commonly inherited disease among Caucasians. A physiologic response is the baby tasting salty, baby swollen baby at times, crying after eating and not
Gaining weight. Cells that are Involved are the sweat cells that product sweat, mucous and digestive enzymes. It causes changes in the electrolyte transport system causing cells to absorb
too much sodium and water. Gender can play on The outcomes of this disease. Women have been described to have worse outcomes than males particularly in response to respiratory
infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, as advancement in therapies have improved life expectancy, this gender disparity has been challenged. Cystic fibrosis is caused by
mutations in the gene that produces the cystic fibrosis trans membrane conductance regulator protein. Mutations in this gene can disrupt the normal production or functioning of the CFTR
protein found in the cells of the lung and other parts of the body. This disease is recessive, meaning a person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene to have cystic fibrosis.
I would agree that females have a higher rate of experiencing severe respiratory issues than males regarding CF. Shum, et al. found specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) were significantly lower in females than in males with CF; SPMs are cells that act as agonists and activate the resolution of inflammation (2022). With these being lower in women inflammation caused by dehydration of the respiratory system is increased causing greater severity of symptoms.
From a genetic perspective, mutations in the CFTR are responsible for the expression of CF and there are 2065 variants of mutations of the CFTR as of 2019, according to the CF Mutation Database (Sharma & Cutting, 2020). With so many variants, the expression and severity of symptoms can also be determined by the mutations in specific variants.
References
Sharma, N., & Cutting, G. R. (2020). The genetics and genomics of cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 19(Supplement 1), S5–S9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2019.11.003
Shum, M., London, C. M., Briottet, M., Sy, K. A., Baillif, V., Philippe, R., Zare, A., Ghorbani-Dalini, S., Remus, N., Tarze, A., Escabasse, V., Epaud, R., Dubourdeau, M., & Urbach, V. (2022). CF patients’ airway eithelium and sex contribute to biosynthesis defects of pro-resolving lipids. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 915261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.91526
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
I enjoyed reading your post. I agree with your assessment of the scenario especially how gender does indeed play a role in the outcome of cystic fibrosis, particularly females. You mentioned that females have worse outcomes in response to respiratory infections. With that being said, research has proven that the mortality rate is also much higher for females because they “more commonly acquire infections at an earlier age than males and have shorter life expectancies in the setting of respiratory infections” (Harness-Brumley et al., 2014, p. 1019). Research has also suggested that new data is necessary in order to understand cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) which further guides future clinical care as Hughan et al. (2019) mentions. Furthermore, it is becoming more that “women with cystic fibrosis are living longer and healthier lives, and opportunities for childbearing are increasingly promising” (Hughan et al., 2019).
Your assessment of the scenario makes physiological sense because you went into details of what the first signs are of cystic fibrosis and then later compared it to the symptoms experienced by the baby in the scenario. Though with your assessment, it is important to note that things have changed and are constantly still changing with research behind cystic fibrosis today making the quality of life better than it was just decades ago. “Improvements in screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 30s or 40s, and some are living into their 50s” (Mayo Clinic, 2021).
References
Harness-Brumley, C. L., Elliott, A. C., Rosenbluth, D. B., Raghavan, D., & Jain, R. (2014). Gender differences in outcomes of patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Journal of Womens Health, 23(12), 1012-1020. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4985
Hughan, K. S., Daley, T., Rayas, M. S., Kelly, A., & Roe, A. (2019, October). Female reproductive health in cystic fibrosis. Journal of cystic fibrosis : official journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31679735/
Mayo Clinic. (2021, November 23). Cystic fibrosis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700
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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
, it is true that cells are the basic structural components of the body and are specialized to conduct different functions in the body. The central dogma also illustrates the pivotal role of genes in dictating the specialization of cells and subsequent events. Disease can alter the nature of cells thereby interfering with the normal cell functions. I find your case analysis quite intriguing, there are many patients who complain of sore throat that is related to allergic conditions and your analysis through genetic involvement is informative (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2021).
Group A streptococcus pharyngitis among children and adolescents is common and the identification of the genes associated with the common occurrence provides an avenue for solving the menace. Hypersensitivity relation to genetic composition also provides a better understanding of the recurrence of such cases (McCance & Huether, 2019). I also think that the bod defense system is triggered by recognition of the pathogen and the process of acting against the identified antigen leads to the symptoms, which include inflammation that would be felt as sore throat.
I agree hat the physiological processes upon identification of the antigen includes a variety of cells mediators that take part in the inflammatory pathway. These processes cause heat, swelling and redness. The patient characteristics that define different responses include age as age relates to immunity. Children are more susceptible to some diseases as compared to adults. Elderly people are also prone to some diseases that are not so common among young adults. Allergy to drugs also links to age as the allergy increases with age (Soderholm et al., 2018). I concur with you that severe allergic reaction would definitely be a concern
References
Soderholm, A. T., Barnett, T. C., Sweet, M. J., & Walker, M. J. (2018). Group A streptococcal
pharyngitis: Immune responses involved in bacterial clearance and GAS‐associated immunopathology. Journal of leukocyte biology, 103(2), 193-213.
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in
adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby/Elsevier.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, November 23). Pharyngitis (strep throat): Information for clinicians. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-hcp/strep-throat.html
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Title: NURS 6501 ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES WU
Thank you for sharing this informative post on streptococcal pharyngitis. Your discussion of the genetic predisposition to the disease is supported by recent studies (Dan et al., 2019; Soderholm et al., 2018), which have identified Anti-SpeA deficiency and lack of signaling components such as serine/threonine kinase IL-1 as potential risk factors for the disease.
The symptom presentation you described is consistent with the inflammatory response that occurs in response to GAS infection, as noted in your reference to McCance and Huether (2019). Additionally, your discussion of the physiologic response highlights the bacterial attachment to epithelial cells and subsequent release of toxins that induce symptoms.
The involvement of various cells in the inflammatory response, as you noted, is also supported by McCance and Huether (2019), who identify mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and cytokines as key players in the process.
Regarding age, your reference to Dan et al. (2019) supports the notion that anti-SpeA antibodies provide immunity against streptococcal pharyngitis in adults, which is consistent with lower incidence rates of the disease in adults compared to children.
Overall, your discussion provides a well-supported overview of streptococcal pharyngitis, its symptoms and cellular mechanisms, and the potential influence of genetics and age on its occurrence.
References:
Dan, J. M., Havenar-Daughton, C., Kendric, K., Al-Kolla, R., Kaushik, S. K., Rosales, S. L., … Crotty, S. (2019). Recurrent Group A Streptococcus tonsillitis is an immunosusceptibility disease involving antibody deficiency and aberrant TFH cells. Science Translational Medicine, 11(494), eaau3776.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Soderholm, A. T., Barnett, T. C., Sweet, M. J., Walker, M. J., & Sanderson-Smith, M. L. (2018). Molecular insights into group A streptococcal virulence. In Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR (Vol. 82, Issue 2). American Society for Microbiology Journals.
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