NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER -

NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Sample Answer for NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER Included After Question

The term “knowledge worker” was first coined by management consultant and author Peter Drucker in his book, The Landmarks of Tomorrow (1959). Drucker defined knowledge workers as high-level workers who apply theoretical and analytical knowledge, acquired through formal training, to develop products and services. Does this sound familiar?

Nurses are very much knowledge workers. What has changed since Drucker’s time are the ways that knowledge can be acquired. The volume of data that can now be generated and the tools used to access this data have evolved significantly in recent years and helped healthcare professionals (among many others) to assume the role of knowledge worker in new and powerful ways.

In this Assignment, you will consider the evolving role of the nurse leader and how this evolution has led nurse leaders to assume the role of knowledge worker. You will prepare a PowerPoint presentation with an infographic (graphic that visually represents information, data, or knowledge. Infographics are intended to present information quickly and clearly.) to educate others on the role of nurse as knowledge worker.

Reference: Drucker, P. (1959). The landmarks of tomorrow. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To Prepare:

Review the concepts of informatics as presented in the Resources.
Reflect on the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker.
Consider how knowledge may be informed by data that is collected/accessed.

The Assignment:

Explain the concept of a knowledge worker.
Define and explain nursing informatics and highlight the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker.
Include one slide that visually represents the role of a nurse leader as knowledge worker.
Your PowerPoint should Include the hypothetical scenario you originally shared in the Discussion Forum. Include your examination of the data that you could use, how the data might be accessed/collected, and what knowledge might be derived from that data. Be sure to incorporate feedback received from your colleagues’ responses.

BY DAY 7 OF WEEK 2

Submit your completed Presentation.

SUBMISSION INFORMATION

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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Introduction

The main concepts discussed in this presentation are:

Who is a knowledge worker
Relationship of Nurse informatics and knowledge worker
Nurse leader roles as a knowledge worker

Hypothetical scenario on application of data
Knowledge derived from the data

The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the concepts of knowledge worker from the definition, general outline of knowledge worker, explanation of nursing informatics, main competencies and the roles of nurse leaders and managers as knowledge worker. Additionally, the presentation will also include a hypothetical scenario based on the experience working in the healthcare organization on the benefit associated

NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

with access or collection and application of data and the knowledge that can be derived from the data.

Concept of a Knowledge Worker

The worker has to think for a living

One has to constantly ask questions about the task
Independence and self management
Ability to continuously innovate
Continuous learning and teaching processes
Productivity based on quality & quantity

Productivity is treated as an asset rather than a cost

The person whose work requires one to think to be able to deliver on the daily job requirement is said to be a knowledge worker. This calls on one to be adaptable to the dynamics of the job environment and promote free thinking. It calls on one to be a problem solver and apply the ideals of comparison of the available knowledge and the expected or projected outcome. One has to critically analyze the views and ideas they agree with and those thy do not agree with. This will be instrumental in addressing complex situations that do arise at the work place (Turriago-Hoyos, Thoene & Arjoon, 2016). Additionally, the worker has to innovate and come up with advanced and better ways of carrying out their daily activities.

The knowledge worker must strongly adhere to the six core ideals outlined below

One should constantly ask questions.

Ability to manage themselves independently.

Continuous innovation

Continuous learning and teaching process

Productivity should be based on the quality and quantity of the work done.

Productivity of the worker should always be seen as an asset rather than a cost.

References

Turriago-Hoyos, A., Thoene, U., & Arjoon, S. (2016). Knowledge workers and virtues in Peter Drucker’s management theory. SAGE Open, 6(1), 2158244016639631. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016639631

A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Nursing Informatics

Incorporates information, computer & nursing science
Support practice & knowledge management

Has 3 major competencies
Computer skills
Informatics Knowledge
Informatics Skills

In the recent years, the nurse practice has incorporated the use of information and technology where there is need to collect, organize and manage the nursing data collected in healthcare facilities. This has been instrumental in promoting better quality of care and enhanced collaboration among various departments this is what is commonly referred to as nurse informatics. This calls on incorporation of information science, computer science and nursing science (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017). The three competencies required by the nurse informatics include; computer skills, informatics knowledge and skills. The computer skills require one to be able to use computerized systems to feed in data, retrieve the patient’s information and use it to enhance nursing care and practices. Informatics knowledge is important as it helps the nurse informaticist to realize that the human functions cannot be replaced by the computer functions. These functions are useful to support human abilities but not replace them. Informatics skills are crucial in processing the information and presenting it in clinical and systematic way that can be easily understood and useful in clinical practice. It will facilitate better clinical care, research and education research (Darvish et al., 2015).

References

Darvish, A., Bahramnezhad, F., Keyhanian, S., & Navidhamidi, M. (2015). The role of nursing informatics in promoting the quality of health care and the need for appropriate education. Global journal of health science, 6(6), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p11

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Role Of A Nurse Leader As A Knowledge Worker

Innovation to improve quality of care

Data collection and analysis
Determining data most useful in:
Guiding patient-care delivery
Promoting positive patient outcomes
Translate patient findings into knowledge

Support electronic technology initiatives

The role of nurse leaders is to develop competencies that will help in promoting the incorporation of information technology into the nurse practice. The salient skills required are of data collection, analysis and utilization of data in the daily nursing practice. Moreover, the incorporation of information and technology is meant to have a substantial decrease in overall costs of healthcare (Turriago-Hoyos et al., 2016). The nurse leaders have the responsibility to ensure that the technology applied is useful in helping promote better care for the patents. It is also crucial to ensure that the technology applied is reliable and logical in terms of the outcomes expected (Ajanaku & Mutula, 2018). The use of the electronic data systems is gaining momentum and it is helping translate the findings into quality patient care, promote nurse education and nurse research for effective patient care services.

References

Ajanaku, O. J., & Mutula, S. (2018). The relationship between knowledge management and nursing care performance. South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science, 84(2), 39-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7553/84-2-1785

A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Hypothetical Scenario

Organization manage patients with chronic Dx
Risk factors for Dx can be screened
Mitigations can be taken to reduce Dx impact

Data can be used to predict risk for a disease
EHR can collect patients ‘data
Data to include: PMHx, Family, social & lifestyle
Data collection on first patient contact
In my current healthcare organization, the focus is patients diagnosed with chronic ailments such as the cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The organization’s focus is to address the health risk factors that are associated with these conditions. It promotes early screening, mitigation measures that are able to reduce the health impact of the diseases. The importance of healthcare data is emphasized making predictions for the risk factors associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes, that has been greatly associated with high mortality rates. The use of Electronic Health Records, is crucial in management of the patient’s medical records. The data collected from the patients at the initial visits to the healthcare facilities is stored and effectively analyzed to be meaningful in the future treatment procedures and research to improve on the quality of healthcare services (Dash et al., 2019).

References

Dash, S., Shakyawar, S. K., Sharma, M., & Kaushik, S. (2019). Big data in healthcare: management, analysis, and future prospects. Journal of Big Data, 6(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0217-0

A Sample Answer 5 For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Knowledge That Might Be Derived From the Data

Patient’s risk to a particular chronic illness

Screening tests necessary for a patient
Type of patient education for each patient
Factors limiting desired health outcomes
Ways to enhance clinical practice
New ways to provide patient care

The use of information technology helps in having sufficient data that is crucial in helping the healthcare organizations to predict the progress of the chronic diseases. The assessment puts into consideration associated with the health risk factors like diabetes. The monitoring of the patient’s health records and history such as cases of overweight, obesity, high blood pressure and family history. Additionally, other lifestyle risk factors such as smoking and alcoholism can also be strong indicators in the prediction of the health conditions of a population. The data available helps improve the patient’s outcomes and providing health promotion measures that help improve better patient care. This can help in patients realizing the need to have additional screening and adoption of healthy lifestyle measures like weight management through regular exercise and dieting. It is the responsibility of the nurse leaders to analyze the data obtained from the patients in different populations and carry put comparative analysis that can be helpful in attaining the desired health outcomes (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017). The data is also useful to form new knowledge on how to promote better clinical practices that enhance patient care and have better patient outcomes.

References

Dash, S., Shakyawar, S. K., Sharma, M., & Kaushik, S. (2019). Big data in healthcare: management, analysis, and future prospects. Journal of Big Data, 6(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0217-0
McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

A Sample Answer 6 For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Review

We have discussed:

Definition of a knowledge worker
Concept of a knowledge worker
Nursing informatics & competencies

Role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker
Hypothetical scenario on application of data

References

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Turriago-Hoyos, A., Thoene, U., & Arjoon, S. (2016). Knowledge workers and virtues in Peter Drucker’s management theory. SAGE Open, 6(1), 2

A Sample Answer 7 For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

This presentation will discuss the concept of a knowledge worker. It explains nursing informatics and discusses the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker. In addition, I will present the hypothetical scenario that might benefit from the collection and application of data. I will explore the data that can be used, how it might be collected, and the knowledge derived from the data.

A knowledge worker plays a key role in the organization in generating knowledge. They obtain, maneuver, interpret and apply information to carry out multidisciplinary, complex organizational work (Field & Chan, 2018). Besides, knowledge workers analyze data and use their expertise to address problems, generate ideas, and develop new products and services.

Knowledge work is often complex, and knowledge workers need certain skills, abilities, and acquaintance with factual and theoretical knowledge (Field & Chan, 2018). Therefore, knowledge workers must obtain, access, recall, and apply data, interact well with others, and have the ability and motivation to obtain and enhance these skills.

Knowledge workers’ roles include making decisions whereby they work with ideas. Their duties focus on intellectual rather than physical power and are characterized by non-repetitive tasks (Field & Chan, 2018). In addition, they use various methods and techniques to address problems and are authorized to decide what work methods to employ to complete their job tasks. Knowledge workers include: scientists, professionals, educators, and information system designers.

Nursing informatics is a specialty that incorporates nursing science with analytical sciences and information management. It seeks to discover, define, manage, and convey data, information, and knowledge in nursing practice (Moore et al., 2020). Nursing informatics supports nurses, the interprofessional health care team, healthcare consumers, patients, and stakeholders in decision-making in various roles and settings to attain desired outcomes. It supports this through information structures, processes, and technology (Moore et al., 2020).

Nursing informatics skills are applied to:

Create data structures and software tools to support nursing practice (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

Keep EHR in line with best practices for data management, processing, and organization.

Apply analytics in evaluating and facilitating nursing processes (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

Facilitate communication among healthcare and IT professionals.

Train providers on the best use of EHRs and CDSS (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

Nurse leaders are knowledge workers. Nurse leader competencies at the organization or system level are connected to knowledge management. Nurse leaders’ roles as knowledge workers include: Facilitating organizational learning by supporting nurses as they find, share, and develop knowledge to advance nursing practice. Developing and improving knowledge worker skills aligned to obtaining and analyzing data and examining clinical trends and patterns (Carroll, 2019).

They develop innovative approaches to improve access to health care, improve the quality of care, and reduce healthcare costs.

Nurse leaders focus on utilizing technology and developing electronic systems that will enhance data collection and analysis (Carroll, 2019).

Nurse leaders analyze data to establish information that is valuable in enhancing the delivery of patient care and improving the quality of care and health outcomes (Carroll, 2019).

Patient falls among geriatrics is a hypothetical scenario that would benefit from collecting and applying data in our healthcare organization. They result in severe injuries on patients, such as head trauma and fractures, which prolong hospital stay and increase healthcare costs (Venema et al., 2019). Data that could be used in relation to patient falls include the number of patient falls and common conditions of patients who suffer falls (Lucero et al., 2019). In addition, data on the length of hospitalization from falls and patient costs incurred from falls can be used to address the issue of falls.

Patient falls data can be collected from patients’ records and a hospital’s incidence reporting system (Lucero et al., 2019). The data can provide knowledge on patients’ at the highest risk of falls and the factors that put patients at risk of falls in the inpatient units. Data on the diseases with the highest falls can offer insight into the patients’ conditions that health providers should take additional measures to prevent falls (Lucero et al., 2019). Furthermore, the data can enlighten nurses on the gaps in patient care that contribute to patient falls and the measures they should implement to address the issue (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2017).

References

Carroll, W. M. (2019). The synthesis of nursing knowledge and predictive analytics. Nursing management, 50(3), 15-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000553503.78274.f7

Field, J. C., & Chan, X. W. (2018). Contemporary knowledge workers and the boundaryless work–life interface: Implications for the human resource management of the knowledge workforce. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02414

Lucero, R. J., Lindberg, D. S., Fehlberg, E. A., Bjarnadottir, R. I., Li, Y., Cimiotti, J. P., … & Prosperi, M. (2019). A data-driven and practice-based approach to identify risk factors associated with hospital-acquired falls: Applying manual and semi-and fully-automated methods. International journal of medical informatics

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Moore, E. C., Tolley, C. L., Bates, D. W., & Slight, S. P. (2020). A systematic review of the impact of health information technology on nurses’ time. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27(5), 798-807. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz231

Venema, D. M., Skinner, A. M., Nailon, R., Conley, D., High, R., & Jones, K. J. (2019). Patient and system factors associated with unassisted and injurious falls in hospitals: an observational study. BMC geriatrics, 19(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1368-8

A Sample Answer 8 For the Assignment: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

Title: NURS 6051 THE NURSE LEADER AS KNOWLEDGE WORKER

In the hospital, there are many scenarios that may benefit from the collection and application of data. For example, falls are always a high risk in the hospital and can be a cause for major disruption in the patient’s recovery. I work on an oncology unit which involves patients who are receiving high amounts of pain medications and are almost always attached to an IV pole. This poses a high risk for falls for any patient, but especially patients undergoing intense chemotherapy regimens. We had a patient who had gone through a month of chemotherapy treatment and was ready to go home, but then had a fall which caused them to stay in the hospital for much longer. This was very discouraging for the patient as they had already been in the hospital setting for so long, and staying longer was very discouraging to them. In the hospital setting up to 20% of patients fall at some point of their stay (Hospital-Based Fall Program Measurement and Improvement in High Reliability Organizations | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, n.d.). Falls are the leading adverse event seen in hospitals, and these falls can even lead to death in some scenarios (Hospital-Based Fall Program Measurement and Improvement in High Reliability Organizations | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, n.d.).

Data Collection

Data can be easily collected within the hospital setting. There are multiple opportunities to continually change how charting and patients assessments are done in relation to fall risks and procedures. Within the hospital, different units could try different policies and procedures in order to determine what may have the best outcomes in relation to patient falls. When a fall does occur, nurses may hold briefings to determine why the fall occurred and what could have been done to prevent the fall. When these briefings occur, data can be collected on sheets that does not contain any PHI which could allow a fall committee to review the falls and create policies and procedures that may help to prevent similar falls from occurring hospital-wide.

If multiple similar falls occur on the same unit that seem to have similar origins, a fall committee could conduct observation to determine why these similar falls keep occurring. This may provide a different point of view for the nurses and staff that may help to keep patients safe and prevent falls from occurring. This data will provide knowledge on the origination of patient falls and the best prevention measures when it comes to different patient populations.

Leadership

One of the best ways that nurse leaders can help this change is by adapting a proactive approach when it comes to patient falls (Tops Health Info, 2022). Challenges are going to occur in the healthcare setting, and a leader shows their skills by adapting to those challenges and collecting data and knowledge on how to overcome those obstacles. In the same sense, leadership positions are significantly linked to patient mortality (Teecycle Editorial Staff, 2022). Leaders must be supportive of their staff in order to help their nurses provide the best care and prevent burn-out. By nurse leaders gaining knowledge on the prevention of falls, they can better support their staff with the resources needed, which will ultimately result in better patient outcomes and less patient falls.

A nurse leader must be proactive in gaining knowledge on different areas of patient care. A proactive nurse leader would be observant of what is going on around them and would then assume knowledge from those circumstances. It would also be beneficial for a nurse leader to be involved in data collection and review in order to determine what methods will be best to promote patient safety. Nurse leaders are the beginning of patient safety and the start of new methods and procedures which is why their involvement and knowledge is vital for patient care.

Medication errors are among the most common health-threatening mistakes that affect patient care. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, more than 100,000 US reports are annually associated with a suspected medication error (Ross, 2019). Such mistakes are considered a global problem that increases mortality rates, length of hospital stay, and related costs (Cheragi et al., 2013). Although all healthcare team members can potentially cause medication errors, nursing medication errors are the most common. The reason is that nurses execute most medical orders and spend about 40% of their time in the hospital administering medications (Cheragi et al., 2013). Prevention of medication errors has become a high priority worldwide. There is plenty of evidence that systems that use information technology (IT), such as computerized physician order entry, automated dispensing cabinets, bedside bar-coded medication administration, and electronic medication reconciliation, are critical components of strategies to prevent medication errors (Agrawal, 2009).

Rubric

NURS_5051_Module01_Week02_Assignment_Rubric

Criteria

Ratings

Pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeDevelop a 5- to 6-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following:· Explain the concept of a knowledge worker.· Define and explain nursing informatics.

25 to >22.0 pts

Excellent

Ably synthesize the literature and course resources to present a clear and accurate explanation of the 2 concepts….The presentation clearly and accurately explains the concept of a knowledge worker….The presentation clearly and accurately defines and explains nursing informatics.

22 to >19.0 pts

Good

Summarize the literature and course resources to present a clear and accurate explanation of the 2 concepts….The presentation explains the concept of a knowledge worker. …The presentation defines and explains nursing informatics.

19 to >17.0 pts

Fair

The presentation is missing one of the concepts or one of the concepts is superficially addressed.

17 to >0 pts

Poor

The presentation is missing two concepts or the concepts are superficially addressed.

25 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeDevelop a graphic visual representation of the role of the nurse leader as a knowledge worker. On the slide, include an explanation of the role.

15 to >13.0 pts

Excellent

The presentation includes a detailed graphic and explanation of the role of the nurse leader as a knowledge worker.

13 to >11.0 pts

Good

The presentation includes a graphic and an adequate explanation of the role of the nurse leader as a knowledge worker.

11 to >10.0 pts

Fair

The presentation includes a graphic, yet the explanation of the role is not addressed or is superficially addressed.

10 to >0 pts

Poor

The presentation is missing a graphic, an explanation of the role, or both the graphic and explanation of the role are missing.

15 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePresent the hypothetical scenario you originally shared in the Discussion Forum. Include your examination of the data you could use, how the data might be accessed/collected, and what knowledge might be derived from the data. Be sure to incorporate feedback received from your colleagues’ replies.

35 to >31.0 pts

Excellent

The presentation clearly and thoroughly includes the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum, including a detailed and accurate examination of the data used, how the data might be accessed/collected, and the knowledge that could be derived from the data. …The presentation incorporates peer feedback.

31 to >27.0 pts

Good

The presentation includes the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum, including an accurate examination of the data used, how the data might be accessed/collected, and the knowledge that could be derived from the data. …The presentation incorporates peer feedback.

27 to >24.0 pts

Fair

The presentation includes the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum; one or two of the criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.

24 to >0 pts

Poor

The presentation is missing the hypothetical scenario originally shared in the Discussion Forum or three or more of the criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.

35 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePowerPoint presentation:The presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent

The presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

4 to >3.0 pts

Good

Eighty percent of the presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

3 to >2.0 pts

Fair

Sixty to seventy nine percent of the presentation follows these guidelines: presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

2 to >0 pts

Poor

Less than sixty percent of the presentation follows these guidelines: presentation is professional; images are appropriately attributed; images are clear. The presentation text is readable. Presentation flows well and is presented in a logical order.

5 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeResources

10 to >8.0 pts

Excellent

Presentation includes: 3 or more peer-reviewed articles and 2 or more course resources.

8 to >7.0 pts

Good

Presentation includes: 2 peer-reviewed articles and 2 course resources.

7 to >6.0 pts

Fair

Presentation includes: 1 peer-reviewed article and 1 course resource.

6 to >0 pts

Poor

Presentation includes: 1 or no resources.

10 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent

Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good

Contains a few (1-2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3.5 to >3.0 pts

Fair

Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3 to >0 pts

Poor

Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

5 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – APA:The reference list and image attribution list follow correct APA format

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent

Uses correct APA format with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good

Contains a few (1-2) APA format errors.

3.5 to >3.0 pts

Fair

Contains several (3-4) APA format errors.

3 to >0 pts

Poor

Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

5 pts

Total Points: 100

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