NRS 410: Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients’ Health Mr. C

NRS 410: Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients’ Health Mr. C

Sample Answer for NRS 410: Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients’ Health Mr. C Included After Question

Assessment Description

It is necessary for an RN-BSN-prepared nurse to demonstrate an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiological processes of disease, the clinical manifestations and treatment protocols, and how they affect clients across the life span.

Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mr. C., presented below.

Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below.

Health History and Medical Information

Health History

Mr. C., a 32-year-old single male, is seeking information at the outpatient center regarding possible bariatric surgery for his obesity. He currently works at a catalog telephone center. He reports that he has always been heavy, even as a small child, gaining approximately 100 pounds in the last 2-3 years. Previous medical evaluations have not indicated any metabolic diseases, but he says he has sleep apnea and high blood pressure, which he tries to control by restricting dietary sodium. Mr. C. reports increasing shortness of breath with activity, swollen ankles, and pruritus over the last 6 months.

Objective Data:

1. Height: 68 inches; weight 134.5 kg
2. BP: 172/98, HR 88, RR 26
3. 3+ pitting edema bilateral feet and ankles
4. Fasting blood glucose: 146 mg/dL
5. Total cholesterol: 250 mg/dL
6. Triglycerides: 312 mg/dL
7. HDL: 30 mg/dL
8. Serum creatinine 1.8 mg/dL
9. BUN 32 mg/dl

Critical Thinking Essay

In 750-1,000 words, critically evaluate Mr. C.’s potential diagnosis and intervention(s). Include the following:

1. Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mr. C.
2. Describe the potential health risks for obesity that are of concern for Mr. C. Discuss whether bariatric surgery is an appropriate intervention.
3. Assess each of Mr. C.’s functional health patterns using the information given. Discuss at least five actual or potential problems can you identify from the functional health patterns and provide the rationale for each. (Functional health patterns include health-perception, health-management, nutritional, metabolic, elimination, activity-exercise, sleep-rest, cognitive-perceptual, self-perception/self-concept, role-relationship, sexuality/reproductive, coping-stress tolerance.)
4. Explain the staging of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and contributing factors to consider.
5. Consider ESRD prevention and health promotion opportunities. Describe what type of patient education should be provided to Mr. C. for prevention of future events, health restoration, and avoidance of deterioration of renal status.
6. Explain the type of resources available for ESRD patients for nonacute care and the type of multidisciplinary approach that would be beneficial for these patients. Consider aspects such as devices, transportation, living conditions, return-to-employment issues.

You are required to cite to a minimum of two sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and relevant to nursing practice.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NRS 410: Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients’ Health Mr. C

Title: NRS 410: Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients’ Health Mr. C

The Case Scenario

The 32year old Mr. C who has had the challenge of being overweight since childhood presents to the clinic inquiring about the possibility of undergoing bariatric surgery. He has been experiencing leg swelling, shortness of breath during physical activity, and pruritus. He is employed at the catalog telephone center and reports to have both high blood pressure and sleep apnea that he has been managing by restriction of sodium intake. His laboratory assessment reveals deranged kidney functions, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia whereas his physical assessment shows morbid obesity and high blood pressure. The purpose of this assignment is to explain Mr. C’s clinical manifestation and the risks he faces due to obesity, then discuss the functional health patterns identified in the case study, describe the staging of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and ESRD prevention strategies that could be employed for Mr. C.

Mr. C’s Clinical Manifestations

Mr. C reports that he has had problems with being overweight since childhood with 100pounds being gained in the previous 2-3years. Currently, he complains of sleep apnea, high blood pressure, easy fatigability, ankle edema, and pruritus. Further, his objective assessment reveals high blood pressure, elevated fasting blood sugar, dyslipidemia, and deranged liver function owing to the elevated BUN and serum creatinine. Most of these patients’ presentations are related to being obese.

Patients who are obese have increased fat storage in the adipose tissues. These fat deposits increase the fatty acid availed to the liver for conversion into triglycerides which contributes to dyslipidemia (Vekic et al., 2019). When the serum cholesterol and lipids are deposited into the vessel walls, they lead to atherosclerosis by stiffening the vessel walls and narrowing the lumen. Given the blood pressure depends on the size of the lumen of the vessel, the narrowed lumen due to dyslipidemia would lead to hypertension (Shariq & McKenzie, 2020). Further, obesity also leads to increased serum levels of glucose due to increased conversion of lipids to glucose. The obese patients are therefore at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (Ortega et al., 2020). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia are risk factors for kidney disease.

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia may lead to atherosclerosis including that of renal arteries. This impairs the blood supply to the kidney parenchyma which can then lead to its necrosis, scarring, and eventual kidney damage (de Leeuw et al., 2018). Kidney damage and kidney failure affect the excretion of water, toxins such as urea, and even creatine thus leading to edema of the legs and uremic pruritus (Vekic et al., 2019). Clinical manifestations of Mr. C, therefore, developed as complications of obesity.

Potential Health Risks of Obesity

The potential risks of obesity as has manifested in Mr. C include type 2 DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. These may then cause narrowing of the vessels thus predisposing to cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events including stroke, and even end organ damages such as renal failure (Shariq & McKenzie, 2020). These complications should be addressed by strict lipid control and weight reduction strategies.

One of the strategies for weight reduction is a bariatric surgery that involves modifying the gastrointestinal tract to bypass the gastric bypass to minimize the absorption of nutrients (Arterburn et al., 2020). These surgeries would be appropriate for Mr. C whose weight reduction has not been possible through modification of diet. He has also met other conditions for the surgery including being diabetic and hypertensive, morbidly obese but with a weight less than 450pounds thus appropriateness of the surgery (Nedeljkovic-Arsenovic et al., 2020).

Functional Health Patterns

Different health patterns are recognized in the Case study including health perception, health management, healthcare prevention measures, and complications of the underlying disease. Mr. C has recognized that he has problems of being overweight manifested since childhood and the recent weight gain of 100pounds. His perception of health is further evident by his need for bariatric surgery. He reports that he has attempted to manage his weight by employing salt reduction in his diet which would serve both as health management and nutrition modification. His metabolic disturbances are identified in the laboratory reports that indicate hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and renal derangements with elevated BUN and creatinine. Some of these disturbances such as elevated BUN and creatinine resulted from deranged renal elimination processes. He also reports a sedentary lifestyle due as he works as a telephone cataloguer thus contributing to the weight challenges. His sleep is affected by the weight, he is cognizant of his current health challenge, although the role relationship, sexuality, and stress coping strategies are not reported. From such assessment, we can conclude that the health problems include sleep apnea, hypertension, end-stage renal disease, and obesity and their complications.

Stages of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Different criteria are used during the staging of ESRD with most of them considering the glomerular filtration rates (GFR), sodium retention or creatinine clearance rates, and severity of albuminuria (Chen et al., 2019). Stage 1 ESRD has kidney damage with GFR of more than ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m², stage 2 GFR between 60–89, stage 3 GFR between 30-59, stage 4 has GFR of 15-29 whereas stage 5 is a renal failure with GFR less than 15 (de Leeuw et al., 2018). In Mr. C some of the predisposing factors included hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus which posed a risk of kidney damage.

ESRD Prevention and Health Promotion Measures

ESRD prevention seeks to modify the risk factors that have been identified in Mr. c. Some of the strategies that would be emphasized during patient education are encouraging him to adopt aerobic exercise, dietary modification, or undergoing bariatric surgery to help with weight reduction (Shariq & McKenzie, 2020). Other measures also include strict blood pressure, glycemic and lipid control through adherence to prescribed medication, daily weight monitoring, and regular monitoring of blood sugar and serum lipid levels (Vekic et al., 2019). These preventive and promotive measures help reduce the deterioration of the kidney damage thus enhancing the health status of the patient.

Resources for Non-acute Care of ESRD Patients

 ESRD reduces an individual’s performance thus the need for non-acute care to improve the long-term management of the disease. The patient has deranged kidney performance with reduced renal clearance and is thus at risk of accumulation of toxins that may pose different risks to the patient including uremic gastritis, pruritis, and encephalopathy. This leads to the need for hemodialysis twice weekly. The patients may therefore be given a portable hemodialysis device with vascular access (Nowak & Kusztal, 2021). They may also benefit from renal rehabilitative services, financial assistance, and job-protected leaves to facilitate their recovery.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the assessment of Mr. C’s case study informs the need for bariatric surgery. The obesity has predisposed him to develop diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and sleep apnea that would be addressed by lifestyle modification. It has also led to ESRD that will require non-acute care services such as portable hemodialysis devices, rehabilitative services, financial assistance, and job-protected leaves to assist in enhanced health status.

References

Arterburn, D. E., Telem, D. A., Kushner, R. F., & Courcoulas, A. P. (2020). Benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in adults: A review: A review. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 324(9), 879–887. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12567

Chen, T. K., Knicely, D. H., & Grams, M. E. (2019). Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: A review: A review. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 322(13), 1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.14745

de Leeuw, P. W., Postma, C. T., Spiering, W., & Kroon, A. A. (2018). Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: Should we intervene earlier? Current Hypertension Reports, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0829-3

Nedeljkovic-Arsenovic, O., Banovic, M., Radenkovic, D., Rancic, N., Polovina, S., Micic, D., & Nedeljkovic, I. (2020). Five-year outcomes in bariatric surgery patients. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 56(12), 669.

https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56120669

Nowak, K., & Kusztal, M. (2021). Cardiac implantable electronic devices in hemodialysis and chronic kidney disease patients-an experience-based narrative review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(8), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081745

 

Ortega, M. A., Fraile-Martínez, O., Naya, I., García-Honduvilla, N., Álvarez-Mon, M., Buján, J., Asúnsolo, Á., & de la Torre, B. (2020). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with obesity (diabesity). The central role of gut Microbiota and its translational applications. Nutrients, 12(9), 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092749

Shariq, O. A., & McKenzie, T. J. (2020). Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery. Gland Surgery, 9(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2019.12.03

Vekic, J., Zeljkovic, A., Stefanovic, A., Jelic-Ivanovic, Z., & Spasojevic-Kalimanovska, V. (2019). Obesity and dyslipidemia. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 92, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.005

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Grading Rubric

Performance Category	100% or highest level of performance 100% 16 points	Very good or high level of performance 88% 14 points	Acceptable level of performance 81% 13 points	Inadequate demonstration of expectations 68% 11 points	Deficient level of performance 56% 9 points	Failing level of performance 55% or less 0 points
Total Points Possible= 50	16 Points	14 Points	13 Points	11 Points	9 Points	0 Points
Scholarliness Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic topics.	Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three or more of the following elements Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information
	16 Points	14 Points	13 Points	11 Points	9 Points	0 Points
Application of Course Knowledge Demonstrate the ability to analyze and apply principles, knowledge and information learned in the outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations	Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in the all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from and scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three of the following elements Applies principles, knowledge and information and scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.
	10 Points	9 Points			6 Points	0 Points
Interactive Dialogue Initial post should be a minimum of 300 words (references do not count toward word count) The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each (references do not count toward word count) Responses are substantive and relate to the topic.	Demonstrated all of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.	Demonstrated 3 of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.			Demonstrated 2 of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.	Demonstrated 1 or less of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.
	8 Points	7 Points	6 Points	5 Points	4 Points	0 Points
Grammar, Syntax, APA Points deducted for improper grammar, syntax and APA style of writing. The source of information is the APA Manual 6th Edition Error is defined to be a unique APA error. Same type of error is only counted as one error.	The following was present: 0-3 errors in APA format AND Responses have 0-3 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND Writing style is generally clear, focused on topic,and facilitates communication.	The following was present: 4-6 errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have 4-5 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is somewhat focused on topic.	The following was present: 7-9 errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have 6-7 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is slightly focused on topic making discussion difficult to understand.	The following was present: 10- 12 errors in APA format AND/OR Responses have 8-9 grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is not focused on topic, making discussion difficult to understand.	The following was present: 13 – 15 errors in APA format AND/OR Responses have 8-10 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is not focused on topic, making discussion difficult to understand. AND/OR The student continues to make repeated mistakes in any of the above areas after written correction by the instructor.	The following was present: 16 to greater errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have more than 10 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. AND/OR Writing style does not facilitate communication
	0 Points Deducted					5 Points Lost
Participation Requirements	Demonstrated the following: Initial, peer, and faculty postings were made on 3 separate days					Failed to demonstrate the following: Initial, peer, and faculty postings were made on 3 separate days
	0 Points Lost					5 Points Lost
Due Date Requirements	Demonstrated all of the following: The initial posting to the graded threaded discussion topic is posted within the course no later than Wednesday, 11:59 pm MT. A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT.					Demonstrates one or less of the following. The initial posting to the graded threaded discussion topic is posted within the course no later than Wednesday, 11:59 pm MT. A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT.

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