Discussion Post: DIABETES AND DRUG TREATMENTS
Discussion Post DIABETES AND DRUG TREATMENTS
Question Description
I’m working on a health & medical question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.
Post a brief explanation on the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.
RESOURCE AND REQUIRED READING:
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Chapter 48, “Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus” (pp. 397–415)
Chapter 49, “Drugs for Thyroid Disorders” (pp. 416–424)
American Diabetes Association. (2018). Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes Links to an external site.—2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S73–S85. Retrieved from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/supplement_1/s73.full-text.pdf
Diabetes and Drug Treatments
Type 1 diabetes occurs from an autoimmune reaction that attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas; creating a shortage of insulin (Kalathil et al., 2018). In type 2 diabetes, the body fails to produce enough insulin or produces insulin but cannot use it. Type 1 diabetes is related to genetics while type 2 is related to lifestyle factors (Wexler, 2022). Gestational diabetes refers to high glucose levels that occur for the first time during pregnancy (Tsakiridis et al., 2021). Gestational diabetes usually disappears after pregnancy. Finally, juvenile diabetes is type 1 diabetes that starts in childhood. The condition is chronic and insulin-dependent because the pancreas cannot produce or produces too little insulin.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes first takes the lifestyle and diet change approach to manage blood sugar. In cases where lifestyle medication has failed to control blood sugar, metformin is the first-line medication recommended for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (Association, American Diabetes, 2020). Metformin is an oral drug that comes in two forms, tablet and solution. For preparation, the medication is taken with meals with a full glass of water. It should not be crushed, chewed, or broken, but swallowed whole. The starting dose is 500 mg x2 daily (Association, American Diabetes, 2020). A diabetic diet is recommended alongside the pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes to help maintain normal blood sugar levels (Wexler, 2022). A typical diabetic diet has high amounts of whole foods, little refined sugar and grains, nonstarchy vegetables, and fruits.
Diabetes affects every aspect of a person’s life including social, psychological, and physical. Some of the short-term effects include
increased hunger and thirst, confusion, sweating, seizures and health conditions such as hyperglycemia. The psychosocial effects include stress and anxiety and a negative impact on social life. In the long-term, diabetes has serious financial implications and health complications, for example, hypertension, kidney failure, vision problems, and diabetic foot ulcer among others (Association, American Diabetes, 2020). Metformin therapy can have side effects such as diarrhoea and other stomach problems, nausea, and a metallic taste.
References Discussion Post: DIABETES AND DRUG TREATMENTS
Association, American Diabetes. (2020). Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care, 43(Supplement_1): S98–S110. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S009.
Kalathil, D., James, S., & Zaidi, R. (2018). Diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pharmaceutical Journal, https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/diagnosis-and-management-of-type-1-diabetes-mellitus.
Tsakiridis, I., Giouleka, S., Mamopoulos, A., Kourtis, A., Athanasiadis, A., Filopoulou, D., & Dagklis, T. (2021). Diagnosis and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview of National and International Guidelines. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 76(6)- 367-381. https://doi.10.1097/OGX.0000000000000899.
Wexler, D. J. (2022). Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Overview . Up To Date, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/type-2-diabetes-overview-beyond-the-basics.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically shows up early in life and is there is thought to be a genetic component with this disease. Type 2 diabetes usually shows up later in life and is mainly lifestyle related and develops gradually. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and can cause the baby to be large, more than 9 pounds, which makes for a difficult delivery. Gestational diabetes increases the risk of the mother developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Type 1 diabetes used to be called, juvenile diabetes. Juvenile diabetes is an outdated term. With type 1 diabetes, the pancreas is thought to produce little to no insulin.
I am choosing to discuss type 2 diabetes because I care for a lot of patients with this diagnosis. Metformin is often the first medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes. Metformin should be taken with meals to reduce upset stomach. “Dietary therapy is a central component of the management of diabetes mellitus along with exercise and pharmacotherapy” (Tominaga, et al., p.1, 2022). Patients with type 2 diabetes should aim to consume fresh vegetables, lean meat, and fresh fruit. It is important for these patients to limit processed foods and foods like cake, doughnuts, ice cream and foods that will spike the blood sugar.
Short term effects of type 2 diabetes can include frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, increased thirst, extreme tiredness, or thirst. Long term effects of type 2 diabetes can include nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney disease, slow healing, skin conditions, and heart and blood vessel disease. Short term effects of metformin can include vomiting, diarrhea, metallic taste in mouth, and loss of appetite. There are not a lot of long-term effects of taking metformin. It is known that taking metformin for long periods can cause a vitamin b12 deficiency. “Our result showed that patients with longer use of metformin tend to show more cobalamin deficiency related hematologic abnormalities” (Hendrawati, et al., p.4, 2018).
Grid View Discussion Post: DIABETES AND DRUG TREATMENTS dietary supplements
| Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | ||
| Main Postinga | 45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
Answers all parts of the discussion question(s) expectations with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources.
Supported by at least three current, credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. |
40 (40%) – 44 (44%)
Responds to the discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.
Supported by at least three credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style. |
35 (35%) – 39 (39%)
Responds to some of the discussion question(s).
One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.
Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.
Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Post is cited with two credible sources.
Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.
Contains some APA formatting errors. |
0 (0%) – 34 (34%)
Does not respond to the discussion question(s) adequately.
Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.
Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.
Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Contains only one or no credible sources.
Not written clearly or concisely.
Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.
Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style. |
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| Main Post: Timeliness | 10 (10%) – 10 (10%)
Posts main post by day 3. |
0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not post by day 3. |
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| First Response | 17 (17%) – 18 (18%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
15 (15%) – 16 (16%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
13 (13%) – 14 (14%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited. |
0 (0%) – 12 (12%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited. |
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| Second Response | 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Responds fully to questions posed by faculty.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of learning objectives.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English. |
12 (12%) – 13 (13%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the discussion may lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited. |
0 (0%) – 11 (11%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited. |
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| Participation | 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Meets requirements for participation by posting on three different days. |
0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days. |
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| Total Points: 100 | |||||