Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS NRS 410

Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS NRS 410

Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS NRS 410

Topic 4 DQ 1

Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS. Explain what symptomology the patient would exhibit and how these symptoms may complicate daily living and relationships.

Replies

Class, are the incidence of HIV/AIDS decreasing or increasing? What do you or science contribute the change to?

According to the United States Government the new diagnosis of HIV has declined in the United States and even more so globally, (HIV.gov, 2022). They also stated that AIDS related deaths are in a decline too, (HIV.gov, 2022). I attribute the decline and agree with the information provided from HIV.gov regarding the increased access to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) worldwide along with other preventative measures that that have been put into place. I believe educating people on the transmission has also played a part of the decrease with new diagnoses as it is a blood born pathogen spread most often through sexual contact or needle sharing. The ART medication regimens have decreased viral loads thereby decreasing the chances of spreading the disease when engaged in risky behaviors. With all this said I do tend to believe that the HIV virus will increase in frequency again as viruses mutate and people become more relaxed about prevention. I do not think this is a virus that will ever go away, although it would be a huge blessing if it did.

HIV.gov. (2022, July 19). U.S. statistics. HIV.gov. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and

Replies

Amanda, do you feel the stigma is still there, even though the rates are declining; or is the stigma declining as well?

Replies

I have no doubt the stigma is still there, but I do think people are trying to overcome that stigma. In a 2018 study it states that patients are “stigmatized as being poor, having a high number of sexual partners in their lifetime, and frequently engaging in other risky sexual behavior”, (Geter et al., 2018). I imagine that drug use is another stigma that floats around too. I used to work with a guy who lived with HIV, and he told me he never wanted anyone to know because patients would request not to get cared for by him. At the time he was in a monogamous relationship with another man but had gotten infected by a previous same gender sexual relationship. This history he shared did not help the stigma that existed with the disease but having the open conversation gave me an empathy I did not have previously. He was my friend, and I did not want that to change so I decided not to be afraid or to judge. I think talking about it helps with stigma and the modern acceptance for different lifestyles I imagine will foster more understanding of the disease.

Geter, A., Herron, A. R., & Sutton, M. Y. (2018). HIV-related stigma by healthcare providers in the United States: A systematic review. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 32(10), 418–424. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.0114

 

Replies

Amanda, likewise, my students have taken care of several patients, mostly male who are very willing to discuss their disease and care. Unfortunately, in my area, the PCP’s are of one practice. It makes me wonder why others do not have the HIV clients.

Hi,

I think as a health care professional there is less stigmatization of HIV patients than in past times. I do believe there is still an internalized stigma that comes when a person is diagnosed with HIV. The CDC reports that 8 in 10 adults feel internal stigmatization from their HIV status and it can lead to depression, isolation, and feelings of shame (HIV.gov, 2022). To help with coping with the diagnosis it is important for the nurse to provide proper education.

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HIV.gov. (2022, July 21). Standing Up to Stigma. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/making-a-difference/standing-up-to-stigma

Sara, do you base your comments upon the evidence about “less stigmatizsation of HIV patients”? I see it differently in my community.

• Mary Bonillos

replied toBarb McGraw

Aug 9, 2022, 7:24 PM

Replies to Barb McGraw

Overall, the incidence of HIV has decreased since its peak in the mid-’80s. However, a study by Govender et al. (2021) found a concerning rise in the incidence of HIV in the U.S., South America, and Europe. In the United States, new HIV infections are mainly attributed to key populations such as men having sex with men, followed by heterosexual contact, and to a lesser extent, injection-drug use (Govender et al., 2021). The number of new HIV infections increased from 48,175 per year in 2010 to 67,000 in 2019, and the rates are forecasted to continue rising (Govender et al., 2021). HIV rates are climbing in underserved populations, such as rural areas in the U.S South. “Ongoing disparities in HIV in the South are probably driven by the restricted expansion of Medicaid, health-care provider shortages, low health literacy, and HIV stigma” (Sullivan et al., 2021). The COVID epidemic also caused challenges as there was less access to testing and medical care. HIV.gov (2021) says the incidence has declined by 8% from 2015 to 2019 yet increased for people ages 13-24 and 55 years and over. The decline in overall incidence can be attributed to education, primary and secondary prevention programs, condom availability, pre-exposure prophylaxis medications, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV-positive mother-to-child transmission (Govender et al., 2021). More people can live longer after an HIV diagnosis with successful treatment regimens of ART, shifting HIV into a chronic disease with increasing numbers of people having near normal life expectancy (Govender et al., 2021).

Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS NRS 410  Reference

Govender, R. D., Hashim, M., Khan, M., Mustafa, H., & Khan, G. (2021). Global epidemiology of hiv/aids: A resurgence in north america and europe. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 11(3), 296. https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.210621.001

HIV.gov. (2021, June 2). U.s. statistics. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics

Sullivan, P. S., Satcher Johnson, A., Pembleton, E. S., Stephenson, R., Justice, A. C., Althoff, K. N., Bradley, H., Castel, A. D., Oster, A. M., Rosenberg, E. S., Mayer, K. H., & Beyrer, C. (2021). Epidemiology of hiv in the usa: Epidemic burden, inequities, contexts, and responses. The Lancet, 397(10279), 1095–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00395-0

• Beth Johnsrud

replied toMary Bonillos

Aug 13, 2022, 9:52 AM

• ·

Replies to Mary Bonillos

Mary,

According to show that those living with HIV today, can expect to live a normal life expectancy, if the treatment is started early, and if they are compliant with their medications. One also needs to take care of themselves by not smoking, eating healthy, exercising, and getting the recommended vaccinations (Myhre et al., 2022). Doing these things, one may be able to live until a cure is find, improve life expectancy in those with HIV.

 

Beth Johnsrud

 

Myhre , J., & Sifris, D. (2022, May 18). How long can I live if I get HIV? Verywell Health. Retrieved August 13, 2022, from https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-long-can-i-live-after-getting-hiv-48889

• Sandra Jeudy

replied toBarb McGraw

Aug 10, 2022, 6:29 AM

Replies to Barb McGraw

Professor McGraw,

Studies show a significant decrease in incidences of HIV over the last decade. While considerable progress has been made in preventing and treating HIV, there is still much to do. HIV remains a persistent public health problem in the United States (Bajema et al., 2020). Scientists and communities have partnered to drive progress and improve the scientific process of defeating HIV. Involving affected districts in the planning and implementation of research and care is a vital component that has helped reduce the incidences of HIV. Community engagement, technological advancement, and stakeholder collaboration have contributed to this decrease.

Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS NRS 410  Reference

Bajema, K. L., Nance, R. M., Delaney, J. A., Eaton, E., Thibaut, D. M., Karris, M. Y., & Kitahata, M. M. (2020). Significant decline in heavily treatment-experienced persons with HIV with limited antiretroviral treatment options in the US, 2000-2017. AIDS (London, England), 34(14), 2051. https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQAD.0000000000002679

• Barb McGraw

replied toSandra Jeudy

Aug 10, 2022, 2:31 PM

• ·

Replies to Sandra Jeudy

Sandra, it will be interesting to follow how COVID affected the HIV reporting and their care, including the availability of their medications, for the past 2 years.

• Atoyia Ortiz

replied toBarb McGraw

Aug 10, 2022, 7:30 PM

• Replies to Barb McGraw

In the 1980s, knowledge about the disease was rising, but people were ruled by fear, ignorance, and stigma when it came to HIV and AIDS. At that time, the outlook for people with HIV was pretty grim because there were no treatment options. When World AIDS Day was first established in 1988, the world looked very different to how it is today. Now, we have easily accessible testing, treatment, a range of prevention options, including pre-exposure prophylaxis of PrEP (a daily medicine that can reduce one’s chances of getting HIV), and services that can reach vulnerable communities. As committed as the global health community was, the dedication of HIV activists and advocates in pushing for patient-driven care, improving access to new drugs, and expanding funding for both HIV care and research, has been unparalleled in almost any other disease field, according to The World Health Organization (WHO), and the movement was characterized by public rallies awareness campaigns (2022).

There is still a lot of work to do, and it is on-going, but I would say that the strides that have been made in the area of HIV and AIDS. The CDC records that annual infections in the U.S. have been reduced by more than two-thirds since the height of the epidemic in the mid-1980s. “Further, CDC estimates of annual HIV infections in the United States show hopeful signs of progress in recent years. CDC estimates show new HIV infections declined 8% from 37,800 in 2015 to 34,800 in 2019, after a period of general stability” (2021). I do believe that these reductions in the incidence of HIV and subsequent AIDS are due to the many advances that have been made in testing and treatment.

 

Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS NRS 410  REFERENCES

 

Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). HIV in the United States and dependent areas. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html#:~:text=In%202019%2C%2036%2C801%20peoplea,(US)%20and%20dependent%20areas.&text=From%202015%20to%202019%2C%20HIV,the%20US%20and%20dependent%20areas.

 

The World Health Organization. (2022). Why the HIV epidemic is not over. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/why-the-hiv-epidemic-is-not-over

Discuss characteristic findings of immune dysfunction for either hypersensitivity reactions or AIDS NRS 410  Grading Rubric

Performance Category	100% or highest level of performance 100% 16 points	Very good or high level of performance 88% 14 points	Acceptable level of performance 81% 13 points	Inadequate demonstration of expectations 68% 11 points	Deficient level of performance 56% 9 points	Failing level of performance 55% or less 0 points
Total Points Possible= 50	16 Points	14 Points	13 Points	11 Points	9 Points	0 Points
Scholarliness Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic topics.	Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in all of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements: Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three or more of the following elements Provides evidence of scholarly inquiry relevant to required TD topic(s). Presents specific information from scholarly sources to develop a comprehensive presentation of facts. Uses at least one outside scholarly reference that is relevant, less than 5 years old (use of older references requires instructor permission) and reliable for the required topic.* Uses in-text citation and full reference at end of posting when presenting another person’s thoughts as quotes or paraphrase of information
	16 Points	14 Points	13 Points	11 Points	9 Points	0 Points
Application of Course Knowledge Demonstrate the ability to analyze and apply principles, knowledge and information learned in the outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations	Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information was good, but was superficial in places and included all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in the all of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in one of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from and scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in two of the following elements: Applies principles, knowledge and information from scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned from scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.	Presentation of information is unsatisfactory in three of the following elements Applies principles, knowledge and information and scholarly resources to the required topic. Applies facts, principles or concepts learned scholarly resources to a professional experience. Application of information is comprehensive and specific to the required topic.
	10 Points	9 Points			6 Points	0 Points
Interactive Dialogue Initial post should be a minimum of 300 words (references do not count toward word count) The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each (references do not count toward word count) Responses are substantive and relate to the topic.	Demonstrated all of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.	Demonstrated 3 of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.			Demonstrated 2 of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.	Demonstrated 1 or less of the following: Initial post must be a minimum of 300 words. The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each. Responses are substantive Responses are related to the topic of discussion.
	8 Points	7 Points	6 Points	5 Points	4 Points	0 Points
Grammar, Syntax, APA Points deducted for improper grammar, syntax and APA style of writing. The source of information is the APA Manual 6th Edition Error is defined to be a unique APA error. Same type of error is only counted as one error.	The following was present: 0-3 errors in APA format AND Responses have 0-3 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND Writing style is generally clear, focused on topic,and facilitates communication.	The following was present: 4-6 errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have 4-5 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is somewhat focused on topic.	The following was present: 7-9 errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have 6-7 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is slightly focused on topic making discussion difficult to understand.	The following was present: 10- 12 errors in APA format AND/OR Responses have 8-9 grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is not focused on topic, making discussion difficult to understand.	The following was present: 13 – 15 errors in APA format AND/OR Responses have 8-10 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors AND/OR Writing style is not focused on topic, making discussion difficult to understand. AND/OR The student continues to make repeated mistakes in any of the above areas after written correction by the instructor.	The following was present: 16 to greater errors in APA format. AND/OR Responses have more than 10 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. AND/OR Writing style does not facilitate communication
	0 Points Deducted					5 Points Lost
Participation Requirements	Demonstrated the following: Initial, peer, and faculty postings were made on 3 separate days					Failed to demonstrate the following: Initial, peer, and faculty postings were made on 3 separate days
	0 Points Lost					5 Points Lost
Due Date Requirements	Demonstrated all of the following: The initial posting to the graded threaded discussion topic is posted within the course no later than Wednesday, 11:59 pm MT. A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT.					Demonstrates one or less of the following. The initial posting to the graded threaded discussion topic is posted within the course no later than Wednesday, 11:59 pm MT. A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT.