Chapter 13: Endocrine System

Chapter 13: Endocrine System

Endocrine System: The endocrine system is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids such as the blood stream. What is its function?_____________ What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland? ______________ Each hormone acts only on specific cells in the body; these are called __________ cells. Hormone Action: ____________ hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes. Their receptors are located in the target cell’s ___________. The hormone-receptor complex binds with the __________ and activate specific __________. Transcription of a specific gene results in the synthesis of a molecule of _________, which in turn, directs the synthesis of a specific _________. _________ hormones combine with receptors on target cell ___________; the receptors have a ___________ site and a/an __________ site. The hormone-receptor complex (as first messenger) triggers a cascade of biological activity. The complex activates a protein in the cell membrane, called a _________. What is the name of a common second messenger? _______ Prostaglandins are locally-produced lipids that affect the organ in which they are produced, with a variety of effects. What are some of these effects? ______________________ Control of Hormone Secretion: There are several ways in which hormone release is very closely regulated. All of these mechanisms use _________ _________. The hypothalamus regulates the _________ _________ gland’s release of hormones. The ___________ system influences certain endocrine glands directly with impulses. Other glands respond directly to changes in the composition of the _________ environment. Explain in general how negative feedback works. ________________________________________ Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland is attached to the base of the brain and has a front lobe called the ___________ and a rear lobe called the _____________. The brain controls the activity of the pituitary gland in two ways: Releasing hormones from the ____________ control the secretions of the anterior pituitary and are carried in the bloodstream by _________ ___________ veins. The posterior pituitary releases hormones into the bloodstream in response to nerve impulses from the ___________. Anterior Pituitary: The anterior pituitary consists mostly of ___________ tissue arranged around blood vessels and enclosed in a capsule of collagenous __________ tissue. How many hormones does it secrete? ____________________________________________________ 1 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. What function do most of them have in common? ___________________________________________ Growth Hormone (GH): What is the function of GH? _______ What factors influence growth besides GH? _______ Which hormones from the hypothalamus control the levels of GH? _______ What disorders may result from a lack of or too much GH? ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Prolactin (PRL): What is the function of PRL? _____________________________________________________________ What is its target tissue? _______ Which hormones of the hypothalamus control the secretion of PRL? ______________ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): What is the function of TSH? _______ What is its target organ? _______ What hypothalamic hormones affect its release? _______ How are these hormones from the hypothalamus regulated? ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): What is the target organ for ACTH? _______ What hormone does it affect the release of? _______ What is the name of the hormone from the hypothalamus that controls the release of ACTH? _______ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): What are the target organs for FSH? _______ What effect does it have on males? _______ On females? _______ Which hormone from the hypothalamus affects its release? _______ Luteinizing hormone (LH): What does it do? ________________________________________________________________________ How is it different in males than in females? __________________________________________________ What is its controlling hormone from the hypothalamus called? ___________________________________ 2 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Posterior pituitary: The posterior lobe consists of ___________ fibers and supporting ________ cells arising in the hypothalamus. What structure actually produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary? _______ 3 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): What is the function of this hormone? ___________________________ What disorder may result if ADH is not secreted in sufficient quantities? __________________________ Oxytocin: What are the functions of this hormone ? ____________________________________________________ Thyroid Gland: The thyroid gland is located below the ___________ and consists of two broad ___________ connected by an ____________. The thyroid consists of secretory parts called ___________, filled with hormone-storing ___________. Thyroxine (T4): How many iodine atoms does it contain? _______ Triiodothyronine (T3): How many iodine atoms does it contain? _______ What is the function of these two hormones? _______________________________________________ Which of these hormones is more potent? __________________________________________________ How does TSH affect their release? _______________________________________________________ How do they affect the release of TSH? ___________________________________________________ What is a goiter and what may cause one? __________________________________________________ Calcitonin: What is the function of this hormone? ______________________________________________________ What part of the thyroid secretes it? ________________________________________________________ Parathyroid Glands: How many are there and where are they found? ________________________________________________ Parathyroid hormone PTH: What is the function of this hormone? _______________________________________________________ How does it achieve this function? __________________________________________________________ How is it related to calcitonin from the thyroid?________________________________________________ Adrenal Gland: The adrenal glands sit atop the _________, enclosed in a layer of ___________. Adrenal medulla: The adrenal medulla is made up of modified ___________ that are connected to the __________ nervous system. The hormones secreted are the same as neurotransmitters of this system, but are called hormones because they are secreted into the ________. Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: What effects do these have on the body? ______________________________________________________ What are they secreted in response to? ________________________________________________________ 4 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Adrenal cortex: The adrenal cortex makes up most of the adrenal glands and consists of ___________ cells in three layers— an outer, middle, and an inner zone. Several groups of steroid hormones are secreted by the cortex. Mineralocorticoids: The hormone aldosterone controls the levels of __________ ions by conserving them in the ___________. It also causes the excretion of _________ ions. Why is this important? _____________________________________________________________________ Which zone secretes mineralocorticoids? _______ Glucocorticoids: These hormones influence the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat in response to conditions that _________ the body and require a greater supply of ____________ in the bloodstream. How does negative feedback control the release of these hormones? _________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ What else can trigger their release? _______ Name an important Glucocorticoid. _______ Which zone secretes these hormones? _______ Adrenal sex hormones: Sex hormones, produced in the __________ zone, are mostly of the _________ type, called _________, but can be converted to ____________ hormones, called _________, in the skin, liver, and adipose tissues. These hormones supplement those released by the gonads, and may stimulate early development of reproductive organs. Pancreas: The pancreas secretes hormones as an __________ gland, and digestive juices into the digestive tract as an ___________ gland. Where is the pancreas located? _______ Its endocrine portions are the pancreatic _________ that include two cell types–__________ cells that secrete glucagon, and ____________ cells that secrete insulin. Glucagon ___________ the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of _________ and the conversion of noncarbohydrates into _____________. What controls the levels of glucagon in the blood? _____________________________________ Insulin ____________ the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver to form ____________, increasing ___________ synthesis, and stimulating adipose cells to store _________. What controls the blood level of insulin? _______ 5 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Pineal gland: The pineal gland, near the upper portion of the thalamus, secretes __________, which is involved in the regulation of ___________ rhythms of the body. Thymus gland: The thymus gland, lying between the lungs under the _____________, secretes _________, which affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes that are important in __________. Reproductive Glands: The ovaries produce what two hormones? _________ __________ What hormones does the placenta produce? ____________ The testes produce _____________. Digestive Glands and Other Hormone Producing Organs: The digestive glands secrete hormones associated with the processes of digestion. The ____________ secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, which affects sodium excretion, and the kidneys secrete ____________ for red blood cell production. Stress: Factors that serve as stressors to the body produce stress and threaten _________________________. Stress may be physical, psychological, or some combination of the two. What effects does physical stress have on the body? _______ What does psychological stress result from? _______ Responses to stress are designed to maintain homeostasis. The __________ controls the general stress syndrome, which involves increased sympathetic activity and increased secretion of which hormones? _____________________________________________ 6 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

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