BIOL 2302 LSC Blood Questions

Chapter 12: Blood Blood composition: Blood, a type of _________ tissue, is a complex mixture of what three things?_________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Functions: What are the functions of blood? __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Blood Cells: The blood includes what three types of cells and fragments? _______________________________ A blood sample is normally ___________% cells and _______________% plasma. Red Blood Cells (RBCs, erythrocytes): RBCs are _______ disks that contain one-third oxygen-carrying __________ by volume. When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, a bright red substance called _________ results. After releasing oxygen, the hemoglobin is darker, and is now called ________. Red blood cells discard their ___________ during development, so they cannot reproduce or produce proteins. RBC Counts: What is a typical RBC count for males? _______ For females? _______ RBC production: In the embryo and fetus, red blood cell production occurs in the yolk sac, ____________, and spleen; after birth, it occurs in the red ___________. The average life span of a red blood cell is ___________. Control of RBC Numbers: The total number of red blood cells remains relatively constant due to a ___________ feedback mechanism utilizing the hormone __________, which is released from the kidneys and liver in response to the detection of low ___________ levels. Dietary Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Production: Vitamins ___________ and __________ acid are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue. _________ is needed for hemoglobin synthesis. A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in a disorder called ____________. Destruction of Red Blood Cells: With age, red blood cells become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through __________. Macrophages in the __________ and ____________ phagocytize damaged red blood cells. Hemoglobin from the decomposed red blood cells is split into _____________ and __________. What happens to the heme and iron? ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. White Blood Cells (WBCs, Leukocytes): WBCs are formed from _________ stem cells in response to hormones when needed. Five types of white blood cells are present in circulating blood, and are distinguished by size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics. Name these five types of WBCs: ___________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the basic function of the white blood cells? ______________________________________________ Granulocytes: Why is this group called granulocytes? ________________________________________________________ Neutrophils: Neutrophils have _________-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a ___________ to ___________-lobed nucleus; they comprise _________ percent of leukocytes. What is their function? ______________________________________________________________________ What is diapedesis? _________________________________________________________________________ Eosinophils: Eosinophils have coarse granules that stain deep blue, a __________-lobed nucleus, and make up only ___________% of circulating leukocytes. What are their functions? __________________________________________________________________ Basophils: Basophils have fewer, larger granules that stain ___________; they account for fewer than ________% of WBCs. Basophils produce chemicals; what are the functions of these chemicals? _______________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ How do they help fight pathogens? _______________________________________________________________ Agranulocytes: Why are they called agranulocytes? _______ Monocytes: Monocytes are the ___________ blood cells, have _________-shaped or _________ nuclei. They comprise _________ to _________% of circulating leukocytes. What is the function of the monocytes? _____________________________________________________ Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes are long-lived, have a large, ___________ nucleus, and account for _________ to ________% of circulating WBCs. What is their function? ______________________________________________________________________ WBC Counts: Normally a cubic milliliter of blood contains between ___________ & ____________ WBCs. A ___________ white blood cell count can help pinpoint the nature of an illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses. This white blood cell count lists the percentages of each of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample. 2 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. ___________ occurs after an infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present. ___________ (too few WBCs) results from a variety of conditions, including AIDS. Platelets (thrombocytes): Blood platelets are fragments of large cells called ___________. Platelets help repair breaks in damaged blood _______. Normal counts vary from _________ to__________ platelets per mm3. Plasma: Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood. Plasma is composed mostly of _____________, but contains a variety of substances. What are plasma’s functions? ___________________________________________________________ Plasma proteins: The plasma proteins are the most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma. Briefly describe the functions of the following plasma proteins. Albumins: _______________________________________________________ Globulins: _______________________________________________________ Fibrinogen: ______________________________________________________ Other Plasma Components: Nutrients and Gases. What are the two most important blood gases? _______ The plasma nutrients include amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids. Types of lipoproteins include HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances generally include amino acids, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. What are they derived from? _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Plasma electrolytes are absorbed by the intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism. They include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions. Hemostasis: Hemostasis refers to the process that ________________. Following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis: blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. Trauma to, or cutting of a blood vessel, causes the muscle in its walls to contract, or engage in __________. This reflex lasts only a few minutes, but lasts long enough to initiate the second and third steps of hemostasis. Spasm of the injured vessel is followed by the formation of a platelet plug. Platelets stick to any _________ surface, especially _________ in connective tissue. A platelet plug is most effective on small vessels. Coagulation: Blood coagulation is the most effective means of hemostasis. It is a complex sequence of chemical reactions, involving several _________ factors, and leading to the formation of a blood _________. Damaged tissues release a chemical called tissue ___________, which activates the first in a series of factors leading to the production of __________ activator. This activator converts inactive ___________ in the plasma into active ___________. This in turn, catalyzes a reaction that converts soluble _________ into netlike ___________, causing the blood cells to catch in a meshwork of threads. 3 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Once a blood clot forms, it promotes still more clotting through a ___________ feedback system. After the clot forms, and healing has occurred, it will eventually be dissolved by the body. This requires the plasma protein _________ to be converted into active _________, which digests fibrin threads. A clot that forms abnormally in a vessel is a _______________; if it dislodges, it is an __________. Blood Groups and Transfusions: After mixed success with transfusions, scientists determined that blood was of different types, and only certain combinations were compatible. Clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion of mismatched blood is called ___________. This clumping is due to the interaction of proteins on the surfaces of red blood cells, called ___________, with certain proteins, called ___________, carried in the plasma. ABO Blood Group: What is an antigen? _______________________________________________________________________ What is an antibody? ______________________________________________________________________ Type A has what type of antigens? __________________________________________________ Antibodies? ____________________________________________________________________ Type B has what type of antigens? __________________________________________________ Antibodies? ____________________________________________________________________ Type AB has what type of antigens? ________________________________________________ Antibodies? ____________________________________________________________________ Type O has what type of antigens? _________________________________________________ Antibodies? ____________________________________________________________________ RH Blood Group: The Rh factor was named after the ___________ monkey. If the Rh factor surface protein is present on red blood cells, the blood is Rh ____________; if not, it is Rh _______________. There are no corresponding antibodies in the plasma unless a person with Rh-negative blood is transfused with Rh-positive blood; the person will then develop antibodies for the Rh factor. ___________ develops in Rh-positive fetuses of Rh-negative mothers, but can now be prevented. 4 © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.