Assignment: Teaching Skin Cancer Prevention in Primary care to Teenagers

Sample Answer for Assignment: Teaching Skin Cancer Prevention in Primary care to Teenagers Included After Question

Assignment Teaching Skin Cancer Prevention in Primary care to Teenagers

PICOT Question: For the teenage population, while at primary care health care visits (P), does providing a skin cancer prevention screening tool and education (I), compared to not providing a skin cancer prevention screening tool and education(C), decrease indoor tanning salon use (O), over the course of 6 months (T)?
The research will have a comparison or control group
‘Time’ is apposite to the PICOT question because it makes it possible to plan the research.

II. Evidence Synthesis

	Study #1; Balk et al. (2017); Database: AAP News & Journals	Study #2 Distefano, Sincek, & Stieler (2014); Database: Research Gate	Study #3 Falzone et al. (2017); Database: PubMed	Study #4 Grossman et al. (2018); Database: JAMA Network	Study #5 Le Clair & Cockburn (2016); Database: ScienceDirect	Synthesis
(p) Population	10-24-year-old patients	Adults aged 18-30 years	Teenagers and grown-ups	Persons with fair types of skin	The general public	Relevant to the current research the centers upon teenagers
(i) Intervention	Counseling on indoor tanning services and protection from the sun	Counseling in primary care; sun protection, and not using tanning beds	Employment of social media and technology to help this focus group change risky behavior	Behavior counseling interventions	Educating the public on the risks of indoor tanning devices	Pertinent to the current research
(c) Comparison	No counseling	No counseling in primary care, no sun protection, and not avoiding the use of tanning beds	Not using social media and other technologies	No behavior counseling	Not educating the public on the problems of indoor tanning	All studies have control conditions
(o) Outcome	Reduce incidence of skin cancer	Reduced incidence of skin cancer	Reduction of prevalence of malignant melanoma and non- malignant melanoma skin cancers	Reduction of suntan or skin cancer or preceding skin lesions	Reduction of melanoma risk	All research studies point to the need to implement preventive strategies for skin cancer. This is pertinent to the current research, which centers on the use of tanning table salon services.
(t) time	Not specified	Not specified	Not specified	Not specified	Not specified	None of the studies specify the time taken to complete.

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Evaluation Table

Citation	Design	Sample size: Adequate?	Major Variables:	Study findings: Strengths and weaknesses	Level of evidence	Evidence Synthesis
Balk et al. (2017)	Descriptive survey	694 (adequate)	Independent variables: Counseling on indoor tanning devices and sun protection Dependent variables: Risk of skin cancer	There is a need to counsel the youth on the problems with indoor tanning and the importance of sun protection. This can help reduce the risk of skin cancer. The weakness of this study is that the findings are self-reported, implying that they may not apply to actual practice. However, the strength of this article is that it provides a foundation for clinical officers to implement initiatives for skin cancer prevention	Outcomes research	Outcomes research is a great way to collect evidence on the effectiveness of healthcare initiatives. It is a great and effective strategy of collecting clinical evidence.
Distefano, Sincek, & Stieler (2014)	Systematic review	20 articles; adequate for the review	Independent variables: Sun exposure, use of tanning bed and sun protection, counseling, and education, skin cancer screenings Dependent variables: malignant melanoma and non-malignant melanoma	Counseling in primary care setting can help reduce tanning beds use among teenagers of 18 years and young adults of up to 30 years. Regular self-examination and clinical examination are critical to reducing skin cancer. The strength of this article is that it contributes to skin cancer prevention efforts. The limitation is that the study focused on one age group, which may not be applicable to every age group.	Meta-analysis	Meta-analyses provide the strongest evidence in clinical research. They try to identify disagreements, patterns, and other relationships across various studies. Since they accentuate the use of strong studies, they result in a stronger conclusion.
Falzone et al. (2017)	Descriptive review	Not specified	Independent variables: Prevention strategies involving use of technology and social media Dependent variables: indoor tanning use among adolescents and young adults	This research find that social media is a cost-effective strategy to reach teenagers and young people who use indoor tanning salon services. Therefore, primary care settings can apply technology in educating teenagers on the dangers of using tanning beds which contribute to skin cancer. The strength of the article is it describes same behaviors that contribute a skin cancer incidence. The limitation of the study is that it overly utilizes secondary research information. This tends to reduce the strength of the evidence.	Meta-analysis	This research provides strong evidence that clinical officers can apply in primary care settings. It is support initiatives to educate teenagers and the risk of using tanning beds in salons.
Grossman et al. (2018)	Descriptive review	Not specified	Independent variables: counseling patients about sun protection and skin cancer, behavior change, self-examination Dependent variables: suntan or preceding skin lesions or skin cancer incidence; behavior change, risk of self-examination	Interventions involving behavioral counseling benefits adolescence children and young adults in adopting sun protection behaviors. Counseling teenagers and young adults is imperative in the adoption of self-examination strategies. Primary care settings are critical in impacting change on teenagers who use indoor tanning salons. The strength of this article is that it centers upon different aspects of behavior and impact on skin cancer incidence. The weakness of this research is that it relies on a limited sample population with a specific skin type. Therefore, its findings may not be generalized in all studies.	Meta-analysis; cohort analyses	Cohort studies provide strong evidence because of their relatedness to the collection of evidence regarding related human subjects. In the study, the researchers rely on strong research articles to provide evidence.
Le Clair & Cockburn (2016)	Descriptive review	Not specified	Independent variable: Indoor tanning Dependent variable: Melanoma risk	There is a substantial link between indoor tanning and vulnerability to melanoma. Aggressive initiatives should be used to help reduce indoor tanning in the US, and the focus should be the high-risk groups, such as teenagers and the youth. Prevention efforts are necessary especially those that involve educating the public on the risk of indoor tanning. Therefore, primary care settings are crucial in reducing the incidence of tanning beds. The strength of this article is that it provides a description of potential strategies that can help cut down prevalence of melanoma indoor tanning. The weakness of this study is that it does not provide recommendations on changing attitudes towards the safety of tanning beds especially among the youth.	Meta-analysis	Strong evidence is provided in this study. Evidence shows that medical professionals should clear the existing misunderstanding in relation to negative effects of indoor tanning.

This is an evidence table worksheet. I will upload the format in manage orders section. It is not exactly an essay. I already have to resources with my PICOT question with just information about what I\’m writing on. I have found two references…..See below……….

PICOT Question: For the teenage population, while at primary care health care visits (P), does providing a skin cancer prevention screening tool and education (I), compared to not providing a skin cancer prevention screening tool and education(C), decrease indoor tanning salon use (O), over the course of 6 months (T)?

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from indoor tanning devices has been linked with skin cancer including melanoma; despite these findings, the use of indoor tanning in the United States remains prevalent (Balk, Gottschlich, Holman & Watson, 2017; Le Clair & Cockburn, 2016). Balk et al. (2017) and Le Clair and Cockburn (2016) both agreed that primary care intervention and education is needed to deter continued use of indoor tanning modalities aside from state legislation that requires parent’s permission to use indoor tanning facilities. Both studies agree that education on indoor tanning risks at the individual level in primary care may prove to be an effective interventional strateg, and should be further explored; with proper time management and incorporation into the clinic visit, primary care providers can play a key role in skin cancer prevention (Balk et al., 2017; Le Clair & Cockburn, 2016).

Balk, S.J., Gottschlich, E.A., Holman, D.M., & Watson, M. (2017). Counseling on sun protection and indoor tanning.” Pediatrics, vol. 140, no. 6, 2017, doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1680.

Le Clair, M. Z., & Cockburn, M. G. (2016). Tanning bed use and melanoma: Establishing risk and improving prevention interventions. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.11.016.

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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

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Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
Include in-text citations in your response
Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
Follow APA-7th edition
Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
Follow APA 7th edition
Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
Here are some helpful links
Student paper example
Citing Sources
The Writing Center is a great resource

Assignment: Teaching Skin Cancer Prevention in Primary care to Teenagers