Assignment Questions Essay

Assignment Questions Essay

Assignment Questions Essay

Assignment #1

Congestive heart failure is one of the conditions that affect a significant proportion of the world’s population. The condition is largely managed with the use of pharmacological agents. Some medications are contraindicated in this disease. One of them is calcium channel blockers. The mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers is attributed to its ability to block the calcium ion channels in the heart muscles. The blockage results in impeded entry of calcium ions into the cardiac muscles, hence, decreased rate of action potential generation. The blockage also reduces the electrical conduction of the heart, hence, lowered cardiac workload. Despite this mechanism, calcium channel blockers are contraindicated in patients with congestive heart disease because the blockage results in negative chronotropic and ionotropic effects that can precipitate further acute decompensated heart failure. The additional cardiac effects of the use of calcium channel blockers include reduced cardiac output and possible activation of compensatory mechanisms to increase cardiac contractility and output (Vider & Zada, 2019). Therefore, these effects make calcium channel blockers to be contraindicated in patients suffering from congestive heart failure.

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. These drugs work by reducing the circulating levels of angiotensin II in the blood. They also reduce the plasma levels of vasopressin and norepinephrine. The effects arise due to the inhibition of the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme that activates angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Therefore, they are used in patients with congestive heart failure because they promote vasodilation, reduced cardiac contractility, workload, and output (Perrone, 2015). The effects lead to additional benefits that include improved hemodynamics, reduced symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue, and correct hyponatremia and diuretic requirements.

Assignment #2

Body mass index (BMI) is largely accepted as a method that is used in determining one’s weight and risk for obesity, overweight, or underweight. It is calculated by dividing the weight of a person by his or her height in meters squared. This approach of measurement measures weight rather than the body’s total mass of fat. The tool of measurement comprises of weight in kilograms and height in centimeters. The height is converted into meters for calculation of the body mass index. The components of the BMI scale include very severely underweight, severely underweight, underweight, normal, overweight, and obese. There are several categories of BMI scales. One is considered very severely underweight if the BMI ranges between 0 and 15 kg/m (squared). A BMI of 15-60 is considered severely underweight, 16-18.5 underweight, 18.5-25 normal, 25-30 overweight, and above 30 kg/m (squared) considered obese (World Health Organization, Kallioinen & Granheim, 2017).

Body mass index scales can be used when providing health education to the patients. The patients are educated on the various categories of scales and their implications. For instance, they are informed about what being severely underweight or overweight means and the health risks associated with it. A nurse also performs a practical demonstration to the patients on how to determine their BMI. They then use the information to come up with plans of care for them. For instance, the nurse will educate a patient who is underweight on the importance of taking a balanced diet and the need for a review by a nutritionist. Similarly, the nurse will educate a patient who is obese on the importance of active physical activity, taking adequate and balanced diet, and the need for close monitoring of weight (Holloway, 2019). The nurse also educates the patient on the risks of being overweight such as diabetes and hypertension.

Assignment #3

Migraine headache is one of the conditions that affect most of the people globally. Its accurate diagnosis is dependent on the acquisition of both subjective and objective data from the client. Several aspects related to subjective data are obtained from the client. One of them is the severity of the pain and its characteristics such as stabbing, throbbing, and dull ache. The nurse should also ask about the location of the pain. Such questions should include asking about the activities that are associated with the pain. The nurse will obtain relevant data such as increasing severity of the condition with exertion. The nurse should also anticipate findings such as features of migraine headache that include vomiting, photosensitivity to light and sound. The feelings of the patient during and after attacks should also be asked. This would aid in classifying the nature and severity of the attack. Often, patients might report feeling tired, muscle pain, and photosensitivity. The nurse should also ask about the existence of any sensory or visual disturbances with the disease (Gil-Gouveia, Oliveira, & Martins, 2016). It is anticipated that worsening of migraine headaches is likely to cause visual and sensory disturbances. Lastly, the nurse should obtain relevant family history of migraine headache. There is a high risk of the disease in families with a history of migraines.

Moreover, the nurse should also obtain objective data related to the condition. Some of the expected objective findings in migraine

include raised pulse, pyrexia, and normal to slightly elevated blood pressure. There is also the likelihood of photosensitivity, visual, and sensory disturbances on physical assessment of the patient. Laboratory investigations such as complete blood count will reveal normal range of various parameters such as hemoglobin level and white blood cell count. Diagnostic investigations that include MRI are done to determine the type and involvement of the nervous system. Some of the subjective symptoms that would warrant emergency treatment include loss of sensory and visual disturbances and projective vomiting (Mannix et al., 2016). Abnormal findings from diagnostic investigations will also warrant emergency management of the patient.

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Assignment #4

Several aspects related to objective data will be noted in a patient with lower back pain. One of them is observed reduction in restlessness and anxiety with changing positions. Patients with spinal stenosis will report pain relief with changing their siting positions. The other objective data is observed incontinence due to decrease in the tone of anal sphincter. The decrease in tone is largely observed in patients with primary herniation of the spinal disc. There is also an expected positive straight leg raising sign with pathologies causing lower back pain such as cauda equine syndrome. Great toe extensor weakness as well as impaired ankle reflexes are anticipated in cases where there is disk herniation (Mao, 2019). Patients might also present to the hospital with symptoms that include calf wasting and weak ankle dorsiflexion, which could indicate disk herniation.

Abnormal posture might also be seen in patients with low back pain. The patient might walk in bent position that can indicate scoliosis or kyphosis. Negative results in squat test might also be obtained to show the existence of pathologies of the lower limb. Testing for movement might also reveal the pathologies contributing to the lower back pain. These include the use of tests such as overpressure, combined movements, repeated movements, and muscle strength tests to determine muscle strength. The overpressure test should not be associated with any pain. Active range of movements should be performed to determine whether there is muscle rigidity and painful movements. The patient flexes, extends, and does side flexion to determine abnormal findings such as pain, deviation, and painful arc (Brown et al., 2019). Therefore, these ranges of motion will aid in the diagnosis of the cause of low back pain affecting the patient.

Assignment #5

Acute illness has a negative effect on the blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Often, acute illness will trigger elevated blood glucose level or hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. The mechanism of hyperglycemia is that the illness acts as a source of stress to the body. The body responds to the stressor by initiating counter-regulatory mechanism where there is hyper-secretion of cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine. The hormones act by opposing the actions of the insulin, thereby, reducing actions of insulin in regulating blood glucose levels. However, the high level of blood glucose will resolve over time as the patient responds to the treatment (Cryer & American Diabetes Association, 2016). Therefore, it is important that blood glucose level is monitored in patients suffering from acute illnesses.

Acute illness also has an effect on diabetic medications used by patients with diabetes. The illness can alter the renal functioning thereby lowering the rate of drug elimination from the kidneys. This will affect the efficiency of drug action, hence, control of glucose in the body. The illness might also result in a loss of the total body fat content. This might be evidenced by wasting of the patient. Such changes will translate into the adoption of different regime of diabetic medications. There is also the aspect of drug interaction in case of an acute illness (Lea-Henry et al., 2017). Some medications lower the efficacy of medications used in the treatment of diabetes. For instance, the use of diuretics has been shown to lower the clinical efficacy of oral hypoglycemic. Therefore, acute illness has an adverse effect on the medications used in the treatment of diabetes.

Assignments

PS: Please use APA format (title page, assignment and reference page, correct margin, double -spaced, etc.) to complete each assignment. The length of the assignment should be a minimum of one full typed page and must include at least one journal article to support your answer.

Assignment #1

Why are calcium channel blockerWhy are calcium channel blockers contraindicated for use in patients with CHF and why are ace inhibitors used in patients with CHF?s contraindicated for use in patients with CHF and why are ace inhibitors used in patients with CHF?

Assignment #2

Explain the components of a BMI scale, identify the various categories on a BMI scale and briefly explained how the BMI scale could be used when providing patient education.

Assignment # 3

What subjective and objective data would be noted in a patient who is experiencing a migraine headache and what objective subjective and objective data would be noted in a patient that you would refer to the emergency department for immediate evaluation?

Assignment #4

What objective data would be noted in a patient with acute low back pain? Be sure to use appropriate terminology with range of motion testing.

Assignment # 5

Why is it important to assess blood sugars in a diabetic patient with an acute illness and how does acute illness affect medication?

For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.

Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.

Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?

Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• Student paper example
• Citing Sources
• The Writing Center is a great resource