Assignment: Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations

Assignment: Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations

Sample Answer for Assignment: Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations Included After Question

Assessment Description

In this assignment, you will write a critical appraisal that demonstrates comprehension of two qualitative research studies.

For this assignment, use the nursing practice problem and two qualitative peer-reviewed research articles you identified in Topic 1 (or two new articles based on instructor feedback in Topic 1). In a 1,000-1,250-word essay, summarize two qualitative studies.

Use the “Research Critique Guidelines – Part I” document to organize your essay.

You are required to cite a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years, appropriate for the assignment criteria, and relevant to nursing practice.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: Assignment: Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations

Title: Assignment: Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations

Bullying among nurses is one of the workplace problems that is experienced in health. Evidence has shown that of all the cases of bullying in healthcare, more than 50% of them are reported by the nurses. New nurses are often the victims of bullying from other nurses due to their powerlessness in their organizations. Besides, female nurses are more likely to be bullied when compared to the male nurses. Bullying is associated with significant adverse outcomes. They include decline in productivity and quality of nursing care, increased risk of depression and intent of nurses to leave their jobs. As a result, it is important that responsive interventions be adopted to address this issue affecting newly employed nurses in healthcare settings. Consequently, this research paper is a critical appraisal of two research articles that were used to perform problem identification and development of PICOT statement.

The studies by Barchard et al., (2017) and Roter (2016) were selected for this critique. The study by Roter (2016) sought to investigate the experiences of registered nurses with dysfunctional leadership in a hospital setting. According to the author, dysfunctional leadership contributes to organizational issues that include bullying and workplace violence. However, she notes that few studies have explored the experiences of nurses in hospitals characterized by dysfunctional leadership. This research is significant to nursing because it provides insights into the negative effects of dysfunctional leadership to health organizations. It also provides insights into the ways in which the consequences of dysfunctional leadership can be averted in nursing and healthcare. as a result, it increases the need for the use of evidence-based leadership styles in nursing practice to promote health and wellbeing of the nurses. The research question in this research was not stated explicitly. However, it can be deduced from its aim that the question was, what are the experiences of registered nurses who have been exposed to dysfunctional leadership in hospital setting? The article will support my PICOT statement in two ways. Firstly, it will show that organizations have competencies to address the effects of dysfunctional leadership such as bullying and violence. Secondly, the article recognizes employee development as a way of addressing the challenges of dysfunctional leadership. Training is one of these strategies, hence, its application to my PICOT statement.

The research by Barchard et al., (2017) sought to explore the understanding of nurses about the concept of courage. According to the authors, nurses often experience situations that they perceive to be contrary to their expectations. As a result, it is important to explore the manner in which they are committed to expressing themselves to others in the workplace. The article is significant to nursing since it explored the concept of courage among nurses and ways it influences their practice. It also provides insights into the manner in which nurses can utilize the concept to lead change in their organizations. The research question for this research was not stated. However, it supports the nurse practice issue that was chosen by strengthening the need for the provision of opportunities to nurses that improve their courage to face their uncomfortable situations.

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The articles will answer the PICOT question in a number of ways. Firstly, it will demonstrate that bullying among nurses is a vice that can be prevented with the creation of awareness among them. The awareness is important in promoting the desired behavioral change in the nurses. As a result, the rate of bullying of new nurses is expected to decline. The articles will also be used to provide insight into

the effectiveness of interventions that raise awareness about the effects of bullying in the workplace. The articles have demonstrated that the use of organizational support systems such as training is effective in building the desired assertiveness among the new nurses. Consequently, the articles will make it evident that bullying of new nurses can be prevented by providing training opportunities to nurses about it. The articles selected for the review did not explore directly the use of training to address the issue of bullying among nurses. However, the researchers recommended its use to increase the ability of the nurses to address the issue in their clinical practice. The anticipated outcomes for my PICOT question are varied. They include the increase in the level of awareness among the nurses on the effects of bullying and ways of addressing it. It will result in the reduction in the rates of bullying in the organization. The outcomes of the selected articles in this review compare with the anticipated outcomes in this project by showing that awareness programs are effective in reducing the rates of bullying. They show that organizational leadership is important in informing the need for the adoption of interventions that eliminate bullying in the workplace.

Methods of Study

The research by Roter (2016) utilized phenomenology approach of inquiry. According to Holloway (2017), this approach aims at investigating the experiences of the participants. The researcher obtains data from the participants and uses it to come up with universal meanings of their experiences. The method is premised on the assumption that every person has unique experiences, which have different meaning from the others. Therefore, the experience should be explored on individual basis to understand it better and its influence on the subjective assessment of a situation by the participant. One of the advantages of this method is that it provides in-depth understanding of a phenomenon under investigation. However, it is associated with disadvantage of poor reliability and validity due to its subjective nature.

The research by Barchard et al. (2017) utilized the grounded theory approach. According to Harvey (2015), this approach focuses on the use of collected and analyzed data to come up with a theory. It allows for the uncovering of the behaviors and social relationships of groups. One of the benefits of this approach is that it does not make assumptions on human behavior. Instead, researchers adopt a neutral view of the social contexts influencing human behavior. However, it has the disadvantage of failing to recognize the manner in which the researcher is embedded in the investigation. Therefore, the role of the researcher is not recognized.

Results of the Studies

The studies revealed that the leadership approach utilized in an organization influences the behaviors of the staffs. Accordingly, dysfunctional leadership increased the risk of undesired organizational behaviors such as bullying and violence. However, support systems such as the provision of training opportunities to the nurses increase their level of awareness about these behaviors, hence, the prevention of bullying (Yoder-Wise, 2019). The study outcomes also revealed that nurses are aware of the concept of courage. However, their ability to utilize it in responding to uncomfortable situations by taking risks and speaking out can be improved by raising their level of awareness through interventions such as training of the staffs.

Implications to Nursing Practice

The results of the selected articles demonstrate that bullying among nurses is a behavior that occurs due organizational influences such as infective leadership styles and low level of situational awareness among them. The articles have also shown that organizational behaviors such as bullying have adverse effects on healthcare providers, patients, and quality of care. Therefore, it is important that interventions that raise the level of awareness of the nurses concerning peer bullying are embraced. The right leadership should be embraced to promote the creation of safe environments for the new nurses. The organizations should create support systems that encourage nurses to speak up their experiences, thereby, their wellbeing.

Ethical Considerations

Scientific researches should be conducted with a consideration of ethics for them to demonstrate the desired rigor. One of the ethical considerations in research is seeking informed consent. It is essential that researchers obtain consent from the participants prior to conducting their studies. Informed consent implies that the participants have been informed about the research and its associated implications (Boswell & Cannon, 2020). The other research ethic that is important when undertaking scientific studies is privacy. Researchers are tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that the identity of the study participants is not revealed. This eliminates the possibility of victimization of the participants due to their participation in the research. Researchers promote this principle by ensuring anonymity of the study participants (Scott, 2017).  The ethical principles of informed consent and privacy have been taken into consideration in the selected articles for this critique. As shown by the authors, the participants gave their informed consent prior to participating in the research. The participation was also voluntary. The authors also did not reveal the identities of the study participants. The participants were assigned codes to identify them. Therefore, the studies were conducted with a consideration of research ethics.

 

Qualitative Studies

 In nursing practice, qualitative studies enhances the understanding of a given nursing practices as well as the procedures that need to be undertaken to enhance the treatment processes. Examining the past research articles and qualitative research boost knowledge and expertise for different nurses and medical professionals. In this case, some of the qualitative research studies to be analyzed include; “An observational case study of hospital associated infections in a critical care unit in Astana, Kazakhstan” by Viderman et al. (2018) and “Healthcare Associated Infections—A New Pathology in Medical Practice” by Voidazan et al. (2020)

 

Article I

Research Summary

Problem

According to Viderman et al. (2018), there are increasing problems of hospital associated infections in Astana’s critical care unit. These hospital associated infections are causing increased complications among the patients leading to deaths and long hospital stay. The qualitative study therefore aims at assessing the impacts of these infections on ICU stay and mortality.

Significance to Nursing

The article is important to the nursing practices as it highlight some of the essential procedures that can be undertaken to manage the increasing cases of hospital acquired infections. The study also highlights some of the procedures that need to be undertaken in line with the evidenced-based practices; this is critical to nursing in terms of experience as well as the development of competency in ICU management.

Purpose

The purpose of this qualitative study is to assess the impacts of hospital acquired infections on the ICU stay and mortality. Also, the study aims at showing the trend in the acquired hospital infections in Astana, Kazakhstan.

Objectives

• To examine the rate of device-based infections and the causative healthcare acquired infections’ etiological agents in intensive care unit (ICU) in Astana, Kazakhstan.
• To assess the rate of healthcare acquired infections in Astana, Kazakhstan

Research Questions

• What is the rate of device-based infections and the causative healthcare acquired infections’ etiological agents in ICU) in Astana?
• What is the trend of healthcare acquired infections in Astana?

 

Article II

Research Summary

Problem

According to Voidazan et al. (2020), hospital acquired infections (HAI) complicate the life of patients leading to increased mortality. Also, the HAI is recognized as a public health problem which causes an increase in length of hospitalization as well as high healthcare costs. The authors state that HAI cause over 16 million additional hospitalizations every year.

Significance to Nursing

The article is significant to nursing practices because it provides critical trend of HAI and the procedures that can be undertaken to reduce longer hospital stay. It also provides some of the important steps that can be undertaken to prepare nurses and medical practitioners on how to manage the instances of HAI.

Purpose

The purpose of the article is to examine the trends in hospital acquired infections as well as the prevention and control strategies within the healthcare settings.

Objective

• To examine the control strategies in the hospital acquired infection
• To examine the prevention mechanism for the hospital acquired infections within the healthcare system

Research Question

• What are some of the control strategies of the hospital acquired infections?
• What are some of the measures that can be undertaken to reduce the instances of HAI?

Significance of The Articles to PICOT Question

The information contained in the two articles are essential when it comes to the answering of the PICOT question about the hospital acquired infections. The research on the trends of HAI is critical in addressing the PICOT question since it allows a researcher to understand the trends before examining the interventions. Also, the two articles provide clear and succinct analysis of the hospital acquired infections and the possible causes in various setting. The articles provide an alternative views on the PICOT question and present elaborate models that are critical in the analysis processes. From the literature reviews presented by the authors, there are theories surrounding the HAI as well as the historical trends. The evidence-based practice contained in the articles are one of the best procedures that aim at ensuring best practices in the hospital, a scenario that greatly reduce the hospital acquired infections (Parajuli et al., 2017).

The interventions and comparison groups in the two articles can easily be compared to the ones identified in the PICOT question. The intervention groups from the two qualitative research articles are used to compare the findings made from the actual group of participants involved in the study. The intervention groups, in both articles and the ones in the PICOT question serve the same purpose of establishing effective comparison to the whole research process.

Method of Study

Comparison of Methods Used in The Two Articles

The two articles use qualitative approaches in answering the research questions. In both research articles, there is almost similar methodologies that are used to collect data and information for use in answering the research questions and objectives of the studies. The authors in both articles apply literature review to highlight the theoretical approaches in understanding the problem statements and the possible solutions that have been found by the previous research processes. However, the two articles differ in one aspect, Viderman et al. (2018) integrate an observational approach in his work whereby there is the combination of both the qualitative and quantitative methodologies while the other article only uses one of those.

Benefits and Limitation of the Methods Used

 One of the common methods in both the two articles is the application of qualitative approach whereby information is withdrawn from the previously conducted studies. The advantage of this method is that it reduces the budget for the entire research and, there is possible increased accuracy in making conclusions. Also, the whole process of the study becomes easier as there is only the retrieval of information from the researches that have already been done. The limitation of the qualitative research employed in the two articles is that there is no evidence of the accuracy of the information presented. Also, the researchers rely entirely on the fact that have been made by other researchers interfering with the acquisition of first-hand information.

Key Findings from the Two Articles

Viderman et al. (2018) found out that hospital acquired infections in Astana are mainly associated with surgical infections, followed closely by ventilator-associated pneumonia. Also, there are blood stream infections that results from blood transfusion processes, as well as the urinary tract infections. The study result revealed that these infections can easily be managed through careful use of medical equipment as well as the establishment of enough patient ratio. To mitigate or reduce the instances of HAI, there is need for the hospitals and other healthcare settings to establish surveillance systems, which can monitor the possible clinical errors.

Voidazan et al. (2020) found that hospital associated infections are mostly recorded in the public hospitals where there are overcrowding and lack of enough nurse to patient ratio. With the increasing cases of HAI, there is the need for the hospitals to adopt evidence-based practices. The control strategies for the HAI should involve correct medication, enough bed spacing, and regular training of medical professionals and the establishment of effective medical equipment to be used in the management of patients. The findings also indicate that there is the rising trend of HAI.

Implications of the Two Studies

The two studies introduce new contents that are essential in shaping nursing practices. The evidenced-based practices highlighted in the two qualitative research processes are critical in informing the nursing practices in various contexts and settings. The two studies also establish essential approaches in understanding different clinical practices and the anticipated outcomes especially when it comes to the management of patients to avoid hospital acquired infections (Galletta et al., 2016).

Ethical Considerations

Ethical Consideration in the Two Research Articles

While conducting research, one of the major ethical consideration is the confidentiality of information. The data obtained were secured to ensure security and efficient processes of access. Secondly, before the acquisition of information from there was consent signed to gain legal authorization.

The authors of these two articles employed the above ethical processes while obtaining information from other sources. While performing the research, there was also contacting of the administrators of different databases to ensure that the information obtained is authentic.

References

Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., D’Aloja, E., Mereu, A., Contu, P., Coppola, R. C., … & Campagna, M. (2016). Relationship between job burnout, psychosocial factors and health care-associated infections in critical care units. Intensive and critical care nursing, 34, 59-66.

Parajuli, N. P., Acharya, S. P., Mishra, S. K., Parajuli, K., Rijal, B. P., & Pokhrel, B. M. (2017). High burden of antimicrobial resistance among gram negative bacteria causing healthcare associated infections in a critical care unit of Nepal. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 6(1), 67.

Viderman, D., Khamzina, Y., Kaligozhin, Z., Khudaibergenova, M., Zhumadilov, A., Crape, B., & Azizan, A. (2018). An observational case study of hospital associated infections in a critical care unit in Astana, Kazakhstan. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 7(1), 57.

Voidazan, S., Albu, S., Toth, R., Grigorescu, B., Rachita, A., & Moldovan, I. (2020). Healthcare associated infections—a new pathology in medical practice?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 760.

Bullying New Nurses Topic from last assignment
Write a critical appraisal that demonstrates comprehension of two qualitative research studies. Use the \”Research Critique Guidelines – Part 1\” document to organize your essay. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide rationale, include examples, and reference content from the studies in your responses.
Use the practice problem and two qualitative, peer-reviewed research article you identified in the Topic 1 assignment to complete this assignment.
In a 1,000–1,250 word essay, summarize two qualitative studies, explain the ways in which the findings might be used in nursing practice, and address ethical considerations associated with the conduct of the study.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.

Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.

Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?

Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• Student paper example
• Citing Sources
• The Writing Center is a great resource