Assignment Gastrointestinal Tract: Disorders of Motility Essay

Assignment Gastrointestinal Tract: Disorders of Motility Essay

Assignment Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders of Motility Essay

Gastric acid is an important element in the digestive system. It is needed for the breakdown of food substances and acids in the process of digestion. Despite its importance, any imbalance in its production often results in health problems that include gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). The risk of one developing these disorders is largely dependent on factors such as age, which alter the normal physiology of the gastrointestinal system (Sipponen & Maaroos, 2015). Therefore, this research paper explores the pathophysiology of gastric acid production and stimulation, gastric acid production changes in individuals suffering from GERD, PUD, and gastritis, influence of age on these conditions, their treatment, and mind map of gastritis.

Gastric acid comprises mainly of hydrochloric acid, which is produced by the parietal cells. The stimulation of parietal cells causes release of the acid into the plasma membranes invaginations that are in contact with the stomach mucosa. The production process occurs in four steps in the parietal cells. Firstly, there is dissociation of hydrogen ions in these cells from water, which combines with carbon dioxide to produce bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate is taken out of the plasma membrane with exchange with chloride. The chloride alongside potassium ions are carried to the lumen of the stomach mucosa where there is pumping out of hydrogen ion for exchange with potassium ion. The concentration of hydrogen ion rises in the mucosa or lumen thereby creating concentration gradient that lead to outward movement of water. The resulting product is gastric acid in the stomach. The production of gastric acid is stimulated by a number of factors. They include the influence of chemicals such as acetylcholine, gastrin, and histamine. Eating also acts as a stimulant for the release of the acid. Hyper-secretion of gastric acid results in the development of pathologies that include GERD, gastritis, and PUD (Gamie, 2018).

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Age has a significant effect on the pathophysiology of PUD, GERD, and gastritis. Age has a significant influence on the production of

gastric acid. As people age, evidence has shown that the amount of gastric acid produced by the stomach also declines. This results in a reduced risk of gastritis, PUD, and GERd among the elderly. The opposite is seen in the young and elderly since there is a high production of gastric acid, which reduces the risk of the above conditions. However, the elderly have a high risk of H. pylori infections, which can predispose them to GERD, PUD, and gastritis (Fichna, 2017).

The diagnosis of these conditions is based on the clinical signs and symptoms that patients present with to the hospital. They include abdominal pains, bloating, acid reflux, heartburn, and nausea and vomiting. Diagnostic investigations include endoscopy, biopsy, urea breath tests, and CT scan. The treatment of GERD, PUD, and gastritis is closely related in the elderly, children, and adults. GERD is best treated with the use of proton pump inhibitors and lifestyle modifications. Peptic ulcer disease is best treated with the use of antibiotics, lifestyle modifications, and proton pump inhibitors. Gastritis is best treated with the use of H2 receptor blockers, antibiotics for H. pylori, and lifestyle modifications (Srinivasan & Friedman, 2018). These treatment methods reduce the production of gastric acid, hence, its impacts on the stomach mucosa.

Assignment Gastrointestinal Tract: Disorders of Motility Essay Conclusion

In summary, gastric acid is one of the juices that is needed for the process of digestion to occur. It is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach lining. Excessive production of gastric acid results in the development of conditions such as PUD, GERD, and gastritis. The risk of these conditions declines with aging due to reduced production of gastric acid. Therefore, a focus should be placed on optimizing the treatment outcomes using both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

Describe the normal pathophysiology of gastric acid stimulation and production. Explain the changes that occur to gastric acid stimulation and production with GERD, PUD, and gastritis disorders.

Explain how age might impact the pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on their age and the impact it has on all of the GI disorders listed.

Construct a mind map for gastritis. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your paper.

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Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

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The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

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Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

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Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

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Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• Student paper example
• Citing Sources
• The Writing Center is a great resource