Assignment: Applying the Precede-Proceed Model Essay
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Assignment Applying the Precede-Proceed Model Essay
In the world today, the burdens of mental health illness is rising among different countries revealing a trend that needs redress. In the United States of America alone, the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) indicates that depression is the most common form of mental health disorder with a prevalence of 9.1% among adults (Alterman et al., 2018). Report from researches from the World Health Organization (WHO) postulates that major depression is anticipated to be the second most leading cause of morbidity across the world by the year 2020. Besides, depression emerge as the second most common chronic illness reported in primary care and often affects the treatment of co-occurring conditions (Fathian et al., 2015). Currently, major depressive disorders cause disability in young adults between the age range of 15 and 44. However, male Hispanic immigrants suffer the most from major depression due to factors related to their minority status (Estrada-Martínez, Lee & Shapiro, 2019). If left untreated within the right time, depression can result into prolonged emotional suffering, substance misuse, adoption of risky behavioral practices and even suicide. The Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation (PRECEDE) together with the Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development (PROCEED) otherwise known as the Precede-Proceed Model (PPM) may help address depression (Hlaing, Sullivan & Chaiyawat, 2019). The PPM framework works on the premise to identify the predisposing factors of depression and providing a solution to major depressive disorders. However, the underlying concepts of using the precede-proceed model to identify factors predisposing Latino men to depression and to examine the effects related to these behaviors to influence well-being remains unclear.
The present study delves into a health promotion intervention for the Latino men affected by depression. The article uses the precede-proceed model as a framework to identify the factors that predispose the target group to major depressive disorders. From this analysis, PPM will be used as a planning tool to identify useful steps that can be implemented to provide intervention for the Latino men. Nonetheless, PPM will be adopted to address those who influence the behavior as well as the environmental factors related to depression to determine behavior change for the target population.
A Description of the Precede-Proceed Model
Precede-proceed framework is a comprehensive structure that is important in addressing health needs for a given target population. PPM is used to design, implement and for the evaluation of public health programs mainly to promote health outcomes for a specific population group (Hlaing, Sullivan & Chaiyawat, 2019). To start, the PRECEDE part of the framework entails conducting assessments to determine several community factors related to the health issue and it is defined by four phases. The first phase is social assessment performed in order to identify the expected outcomes. The second phase which is the epidemiological assessment is used as a platform to identify possible determinants of health for the target problem. This provides information on factors affecting the population to help stakeholder in setting goals and priorities for the intervention process.
The third phase of the PRECEDE is the ecological assessment whereby the behavioral together with the environmental factors that predispose or reinforce a particular lifestyle for the study population is identified (Hlaing, Sullivan & Chaiyawat, 2019). The premise assists in the implementation of the proposed intervention in a bid to promote desired behavior change among the target population. For phase four, administrative as well as policy factors that influence the proposed interventions are analyzed to promote and support the expected change in behavior for a given target population.
Conversely, the PROCEED part of the PPM framework relates to the implementation of the identified intervention to achieve expected outcomes. This section is as well made up of four phases which continue from the stages described above. With this, the implementation is labelled phase five and this refers to the development of the design necessary for the intervention process. This phase also involves an assessment of the availability of resources necessary for the final implementation of the selected program (Hlaing, Sullivan & Chaiyawat, 2019). Phase six of the model is the implementation of the program to achieve the desired goals for the selected target population. Phase seven of the PROCEDE model focuses on impact evaluation which involves the analysis of the behavior change for the selected population. Outcome evaluation as phase eight is the final phase of the PROCEDE framework and it assesses positive outcomes in the identified change model for the selected population. Nonetheless, the phase evaluates if there is an increase or a decrease in the prevalence of a specific undesirable behavior for the identified target population. The precede-proceed framework is described in the context of depression for Latino men in South Florida to provide an intervention to the target population. With this, the description starts from Phase 2 of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model as outlined below.
Using the Phase 2: Epidemiological, Behavioral, and Environmental Assessment
Hispanic-Americans are the fastest growing minority racial groups in the United States of America. The community makes up 17% of the American population and it is estimated to have 58 million people (Abraído-Lanza et al., 2016). The U.S. Census Bureau define a Hispanic to be a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Spanish, Cuban, South or Central American origin. According the reports by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are high rates of mental health illness associated with Hispanics
(Estrada-Martínez, Lee & Shapiro, 2019). Specifically, the report identifies depression and psychological distress as the major mental health conditions affecting the racial group. Furthermore, the report reveals that the prevalence rates of depression for Hispanic-Americas is at 4% compared to 3.1% of the non-Hispanic whites (Alterman et al., 2018). Besides, the latter are three times more likely to receive mental health treatment as opposed to the Hispanics. The disparity in mental health access has disproportionately affected the Latino men in America which has led to a high prevalence rate of the population when compared to female Hispanics (Niedhammer et al., 2016). Moreover, Latino men are less likely to seek early treatment of mental health as opposed to women.
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Using the Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment
There are various social determinants of depression among Latino men in South Florida. Income, education, present health status, acculturation and employment status influence the prevalence of depression among the target population. A majority of the male Hispanics are not born in the United States of America. Besides, most of the Latino men have lived in America for an average of 8.5 years. Abraído-Lanza et al. (2016) reports that depressive symptoms increases when the target population stays longer in a non-native country. This is attributed to loss of cultural norms, values as well as lack of family cohesion. Loss of social coherence is considered as a predisposing factor to depression. This also relates to the marital status of the target population which influence level of interaction for male Hispanics (Sepandi et al., 2018). Ideally, Latino men are also likely to be predisposed to reinforcing factor related to binge drinking. There are numerous liquor stores in South Florida and this promotes compulsive behavior which are linked to mental health (Estrada-Martínez, Lee & Shapiro, 2019). The enabling factor for depression for the target population is related to daily hustles and engagement of the population in the income-generating activities. The population resides in poor resource settings and are therefore likely to face challenges of unemployment and low incomes that may not be adequate to improve health seeking behavior (Vaeth, Caetano & Mills, 2016). These findings are likely to support the promotion of health to understand the major reasons for the high rates of depression in Latino men.
Using the Phase 4: Administration and Policy Assessment
The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) develop policies in the management of mental health issues including depression for the Latino Community. These mainly focus on prompt treatment of medical conditions that can predispose the target population to the depression (Vaeth, Caetano & Mills, 2016). The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) requires adult patients to be screened by providers to determine clinical signs of depression (Estrada-Martínez, Lee & Shapiro, 2019). This government institution present in South Florida requires Latino men to seek care to assist in early diagnosis and treatment of depression to improve quality of life of the target population. On the other hand, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) provide funding to expand provision of mental health services among the Latino men (De Oliveira et al., 2017). This mainly focus on educating the population about the condition, associated symptoms, negative outcomes and strategies to address the mental health issue. Moreover, the establishment of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provide policies on reducing the rates of the misuse of drugs that can predispose the population to issues of mental health (Niedhammer et al., 2016). The agency also respond to the concerns of compulsive alcohol drinking which increases the chances of developing depression among the Latino men.
How Phase 5-8 of the Proceed Part Apply to Depression among Latino Men
In these phases of PPM, implementation followed by the evaluation of the intervention are conducted. For phase 5, planning of the intervention is designed based on the unique needs of the target population. Besides, a budget plan is formulated to provide the list of human and financial resources that will be needed for the intervention. In this case, physicians, nurses and mental counsellors are recruited to support the program (De Oliveira et al., 2017).
Phase 6 of the model focuses on intervention in which health education is administered to the Latino men diagnosed with depression. Nonetheless, medications are administered by the physician in collaboration with psychiatrists to relieve anxiety symptoms related to depression for the target group (Lazarevic, Crovetto & Shapiro, 2018). Rehabilitation programs will as well be organized to address the target population whose depressive state emerged from alcohol and substance abuse.
As for phase 7, the intervention process will be evaluated to assess its relevance to the target population. Specifically, a clustered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with regard to the implementation model will be organized to assess the approach of the program to the population. Moreover, the outcomes related to the implementation process will be monitored at the baseline as well as at the post-implementation stage (Fathian et al., 2015). Subsequently, a six-month follow-up will be made to assess the impact of the health promotion on depression outcomes for the target population. The time has been selected as it provides adequate period for assessing behavior of Latino men based on the intervention administered.
In the final phase, outcome evaluation of the whole project will be undertaken. Particularly, a multilevel structural equation model (MSEM) will be implemented to assess how the proposed interventions respond to the social cognitive factors of behavior change for the target population (Sepandi et al., 2018). This relates to how the aforementioned intervention reduces anxiety for the target population. Moreover, the overall outcome of the intervention will be reflected by how the implementation method improve health and mental status of the Latino men.
Summary of Precede-Proceed Model and its Implication on Depression among Latino Men
The PRECEDE-PROCEED framework as described in the preceding discussion provides a bundle of evidence in addressing social behavior change among the target population. This means that PPM is based on a structure that can be readily used to support planning and implementation of health promotion or specific disease prevention program to improve quality of health for a given population. The framework has been implemented in a myriad of settings just as the same that relates to depression among Latino men (De Oliveira et al., 2017). Moreover, the discussion unravels how the intervention can be achieved by several stakeholders to improve behavior change among the target population. Specifically, PPM requires the participation of all players in mental health ranging from healthcare workers to family members and other social networks for the target population (Lazarevic, Crovetto & Shapiro, 2018). Based on this premise, the target population will develop insight about the benefit of the program especially by focusing on how the intervention address their mental health. This will results in improved outcomes for the Latino men with regard to their mental state.
From an ecological perspective, the Precede-Proceed model has been used to plan effective behavior change programs for over three decades. It was originally developed as the Precede model, with the Proceed part concentrating on intervention and evaluation added later.
The PRECEDE acronym stands for Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational and/or Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation. While the PROCEED acronym represents Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development.
The following phases make up the Precede part:
Phase 1: Social Assessment
Phase 2: Epidemiological, Behavioral, and Environmental Assessment
Phase 3: Educational and Ecological Assessment
Phase 4: Administrative and Policy Assessment and Intervention Alignment
The Proceed part of the model consists of:
Phase 5: Implementation
Phase 6: Process evaluation
Phase 7: Impact evaluation
Phase 8: Outcome evaluation
The focus of the model is on the outcome rather than the activities. Using the eight phases, you will be asked to apply the Precede-Proceed model to a specific health topic and target population.
Planning, implementing, and evaluating a successful intervention, with its many “moving parts,” requires planners to have a “framework” by which to track the critical aspects of the intervention. Intervention Mapping provides for a sort of scope and sequence timeline, with key decision points, so that decisions can be made efficiently and effectively at these key points of planning, implementation, and evaluation. Intervention Mapping allows planners to use theory constructs to assess needs and strengths of a population, and design initiatives to address (needs) or utilize (strengths) these in a systematic order. As with any event, the process requires specific planning, and in public health education, Intervention Mapping can be a meaningful tool.
Both the Precede-Proceed model and Intervention Mapping will assist you in utilizing theory and effectively designing health interventions. Using theory and planning models as a basis for designing health interventions will result in more successful outcomes for target populations.
While the target population will be assigned by your Instructor, you will be asked to select a topic from the Topics document found in this module’s Resources.
To prepare:
Download the Topics document from your Learning Resources and select one topic to focus on.
Review the Module 5 Resources.
Submit a 6- to 7-page paper (not including title page or references) that includes the following:
Title page
Section headers addressing each of the following required sections for the narrative:
In your own words, provide a brief description of the Precede-Proceed model.
Using the Phase 2: Epidemiological, Behavioral, and Environmental Assessment, expand upon the factors you selected for this phase.
Discuss/compare the behavior/lifestyle and environmental factors for your topic and target group.
Explain why these were selected and deemed important to the health topic and target group.
Using the Phase 3-Educational and Ecological assessment, discuss the predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors for your topic and target group.
Explain why these were selected and deemed important to the health topic and target group.
Using the Phase 4-Adminstration and policy assessment and Intervention Alignment, discuss the health education and policy regulation factors for your topic and target group.
Explain why these were selected and deemed important to the health topic and target group.
Briefly discuss how Phases 5–8 of the Proceed part of the model apply to your topic and target group.
Summarize the Precede-Proceed Model and its applicatioDiscuss/compare the behavior/lifestyle and environmental factors for your topic and target group.n to your selected target group and assigned health topic.
Include a reference list using APA format.
Note:
Cite the sources within your text where you refer to them, using APA format.
Be sure to include peer-reviewed journal articles that establish the evidence-based research for your responses.
Be sure to present your narrative in paragraph form and avoid simply listing or bulleting the information.
Your final document should include title page, the narrative and an APA reference list presented in the format as described in the instructions.
Lopes Write Policy
For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy
The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication
Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.
Important information for writing discussion questions and participation
Welcome to class
Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to
I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.
Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.
If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.
Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.
Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.
I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!
Hi Class,
Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.
Contact me if you have any questions.
Important information on Writing a Discussion Question
- Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
- There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
- Include in-text citations in your response
- Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
- Follow APA-7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor
- A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
- Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
- Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
- Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
- Follow APA 7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
- Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
- Here are some helpful links
- Student paper example
- Citing Sources
- The Writing Center is a great resource