NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health

NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health

Sample Answer for NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health Included After Question

Purpose

This week’s graded topics relate to the following Course Outcome (CO).

CO 1: Apply principles of nursing theory to the public health system by analyzing determinants of health and the public health intervention wheel. (PO 1)

The Assignment

What are some factors that make some people healthy and others ill? Healthy People 2020 identifies five determinants of health that influence the health of individuals and populations. Healthy People 2020 describes them as “a range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018, About Determinants of Health, para. 1). Determinants fall into five categories, including (a) policy making, (b) social factors, (c) health services, (d) individual behavior, and (e) biology and genetics.

Go to the Determinants of Health link at https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Determinants-of-Health (Links to an external site.), and click on each determinant to read about it.

Choose one of the five determinants other than individual behavior (as we are all aware of how individual behavior impacts health). In your post, describe this determinant and its importance.

Discuss how a community health nurse (CHN) could use one of the 17 intervention categories from the Public Health Intervention Wheel to address this determinant (Nies& McEwen, 2019).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2018). Healthy People 2020: About Determinants of Health. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/Determinants-of-Health

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health

Title:  NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health

All patients deserve quality and accessible health care, and nurses have been instrumental in achieving this objective for a long time. To enhance outcomes, health care professionals apply different approaches such as collaboration and partnerships. Operation frameworks from states action coalitions have been pivotal in improving health and strengthening nursing. Action coalitions usually work to advance the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report’s recommendations. This discussion explores how Florida’s action coalition’s work aligns with IOM recommendations and the state’s progress toward meeting the recommendations.

Florida’s Action Coalition and IOM Recommendations

The IOM report on the future of nursing recommends four action areas for building a healthier America. They include nurses to deliver services to the full extent of their competence, nurses achieving the highest level of education possible, collaboration in practice, and effective workforce planning (Rekha, 2020). Florida’s action coalition’s work aligns with the four recommendations to a significant degree. For Floridians to access safe and high-quality care, the Florida Action Coalition leads in advancing the nursing profession and works towards a health care system where nurses work as essential partners in health care delivery (Campaign for Action, n.d.). The coalition has also established committees to work on the various action areas, including collaboration and workforce planning. On education, Florida is working to increase the number of registered nurses with a baccalaureate in nursing to 80% (FA Coalition, 2020). Undeniably, there are visible efforts to address each recommendation.

Florida Action Coalition has made remarkable progress towards meeting the IOM recommendations. For instance, the coalition’s membership has various entities, including co-leads, partners, and stakeholders, supporting action on the report recommendations. The entities further engage coalition partners at the state and local levels to improve Floridians’ health (Adams, 2021). Getting nurses to work on community boards promotes nursing leadership and education models to streamline learning to earn advanced degrees transform nursing education. Such interventions enable nurses to work to the best of their capacity.

NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health Conclusion

The IOM report guides states’ action coalitions in building healthier communities. Through action coalitions, nurses serve as essential partners in health care provision. Florida Action Coalition’s vision is creating a healthier America supported by nurses as essential partners. The coalition also promotes leadership and collaboration, enabling nurses to deliver services to the full extent of their competence, as the IOM report recommends

NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health References

Adams, J. (2021). Nursing Action Coalition for Florida. Campaign for Action. https://campaignforaction.org/nursing-action-coalition-of-florida/

Campaign for Action. (n.d.). Florida Action Coalition. https://campaignforaction.org/state/florida/

FA Coalition. (2020). Florida Action Coalition. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3416&context=flablue_text

Rekha, S. G. (2020). The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health. Journal of Pediatrics and Nursing Science, 3(3), 60-63.  DOI:10.18231/j.ijpns.2020.013

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health

Title:  NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health

Social Determinants of Global Health and Health Equity

Social determinants of health are factors within one’s environment that affect their health. Factors such as education and employment status influence the population’s access and utilization of the available healthcare services. Disparities in healthcare are evident across countries depending on their level of socioeconomic development. For example, low- and middle-income countries have significant health disparities because of immense effect of social determinants of health (Kiplagat et al., 2019). Healthcare providers, including nurses are well positioned to influence the adoption of policies that bridge the gap in access to healthcare services in the population. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of HIV/AIDS in Kenya. It develops an infographic representing equity, health equity, equality, justice, inequality, gender equity, and inequality to be presented to the minister of health. It also offers the background of the issue and need for interventions to address it.

Infographic

Kenya is a country in East Africa, Africa. It is a lower-middle income country, with the largest as well as most developed economy in east and central Africa. HIV/AIDs are one of the health issues facing Kenya. The country’s prevalence rate of HIV/AIDs in 2017 was 4.9%, with highest prevalence being seen among women (5.2%) as compared to men (4.5%) (MOH, 2018). The following infographic provides a true picture of HIV/AIDS in the country.

Equity Health Equity Equality Justice Inequality Gender Equity Gender Equality
Use of antiretrovirals among those with HIV/AIDS was 42.5% in 2012. Lack of ART use due to rural residence, age (15-24 years), nondisclosure of HIV status, and recreational drug use (Moyo et al., 2018). Challenges such as visits to multiple healthcare providers, inadequate quality facilities, and poor provider-patient communication contribute to disparities in accessing HIV/AIDs care (Kiplagat et al., 2019) Kenya has expanded access to HIV testing and treatment to level 2 hospitals (Lane et al., 2021). The constitution protects fundamental freedoms and human rights of people with HIV/AIDs on an equal basis with others. This extends to access to and use of resources (Lane et al., 2021). The ART guidelines in Kenya called adherence counseling for postexposure prophylaxis for adults but failed to consider special populations, including children, adolescent girls and women (Lane et al., 2021). Women have high rate and risk of HIV infections (5.2%) compared to men (4.5%) (Mahy et al., 2019). Gender inequality in Kenya predisposes women to HIV/AIDS than men. Culture and socialization cause gender inequality, with men having more opportunities than women (Vrana-Diaz et al., 2021).

Health Issue

The selected health issue in Kenya is HIV/AIDS. According to data by the Ministry of Health, the HIV prevalence among adults in 2017 was 4.9%. Women had the highest prevalence of 5.2% followed by men with 4.5%. The annual new infections in the same year were estimated to be 52800 for all ages, 44800 in adults aged 15 years and above, and 8000 among children aged below 15 years. Despite the country’s rates of infection decline over the years, its rate remains high as compared to countries within East and Central Africa. The annual mortality rates in Kenya have also been declining. In 2010, the annual mortality rate in the country was 53900, dropping to 28200 in 2017 (Mahy et al., 2019). The improvement in mortality rate is attributable to factors such as the increased access to antiretroviral treatment in the country.

HIV/AIDS in Kenya is attributed to several causes. One of them is cultural and social factors. Cultural practices in some communities such as wife inheritance and polygamy contribute to the high rates of HIV in Kenya (Lokken et al., 2020). Social factors such as poverty, unemployment, and low educational level also play a role. Poverty and unemployment predispose the population to risky behaviors such as prostitution, which elevates the potential of contracting the virus. In addition, low educational attainment affects the utilization of HIV prevention and treatment services by the population (Nall et al., 2019).

Stigma associated with HIV/AIDS also plays a role in high rates of HIV and its associated mortalities. Stigma hinder the utilization of HIV services such as testing and initiation of early treatments. It also lowers the utilization of preventive services such as access to condoms for safe sex practices among those at risk (Lokken et al., 2020). The other factor contributing to HIV/AIDs in Kenya is substance abuse. Statistics show that the lifetime prevalence of substance abuse in Kenya is up to 69.8% among the college students. This population represents the majority of those increasingly at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Substance abuse practices such as sharing needles and reckless sexual behaviors increase the spread of HIV/AIDs in the population (Mutiso et al., 2022). Therefore, interventions addressing these factors should be adopted.

The issue of HIV/AIDs in Kenya should be addressed. It acts as a cause of significant disease burden to the affected and their significant others. HIV/AIDs also contribute to premature mortalities. It increases government’s spending on its management, affecting the overall social and economic development (Moyo et al., 2018). HIV/AIDS act as a burden to the families of the affected. The fact that most of the people in Kenya live below the poverty line implies that a diagnosis of HIV/AIDs worsens the challenges that families undergo (Vrana-Diaz et al., 2021).

Social and economic inequalities affect the manner in which HIV/AIDs is addressed in Kenya. Social factors such as poverty, gender inequality, and culture affect access to and utilization of healthcare systems (Vrana-Diaz et al., 2021). The Kenyan healthcare system is still underdeveloped in most parts of the country. For example, access to specialized treatment for HIV/AIDs may be a challenge, affecting its outcomes in the population. Economic issues such as the high rate of unemployment in the country also affects HIV/AIDs rates and its management. The unemployed populations are increasingly predisposed to risk factors for HIV such as substance abuse and prostitution (Lokken et al., 2020). Therefore, Kenyan government should adopt responsive measures to address the needs of the population, as an approach to reducing rates and severity of HIV/AIDs in the country.

Conclusion

HIV/AIDS is among the crucial public health concerns in Kenya. Issues such as health, social and economic inequalities play an important role in the rise and addressing HIV/AIDs issues in Kenya. The factors attributed to HIV/AIDs in Kenya are varied. They include cultural, social, economic, and substance abuse factors. Therefore, the government should adopt responsive interventions to address the factors contributing to the high rate of infections in the country.

References

Kiplagat, J., Mwangi, A., Chasela, C., & Huschke, S. (2019). Challenges with seeking HIV care services: Perspectives of older adults infected with HIV in western Kenya. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 929. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7283-2

Lane, J., Brezak, A., Patel, P., Verani, A. R., Benech, I., & Katz, A. (2021). Policy considerations for scaling up access to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for adolescent girls and young women: Examples from Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 36(5), 1789–1808. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3252

Lokken, E. M., Wanje, G., Richardson, B. A., Mutunga, E., Wilson, K. S., Jaoko, W., Kinuthia, J., & McClelland, R. S. (2020). Incidence and correlates of pregnancy in HIV-positive Kenyan sex workers. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 85(1), 11.

Mahy, M., Marsh, K., Sabin, K., Wanyeki, I., Daher, J., & Ghys, P. D. (2019). HIV estimates through 2018: Data for decision-making. AIDS (London, England), 33(Suppl 3), S203.

MOH. (2018). Kenya HIV Estimates: Report 2018. https://nacc.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/HIV-estimates-report-Kenya-20182.pdf

Moyo, S., Young, P. W., Gouws, E., Naidoo, I., Wamicwe, J., Mukui, I., Marsh, K., Igumbor, E. U., Kim, A. A., & Rehle, T. (2018). Equity of antiretroviral treatment use in high HIV burden countries: Analyses of data from nationally-representative surveys in Kenya and South Africa. PloS One, 13(8), e0201899.

Mutiso, V. N., Ndetei, D. M., N.Muia, E., Musyimi, C., Osborn, T. L., Kasike, R., Onsinyo, L., Mbijjiwe, J., Karambu, P., Sounders, A., Weisz, J. R., Swahn, M. H., & Mamah, D. (2022). Prevalence and perception of substance abuse and associated economic indicators and mental health disorders in a large cohort of Kenyan students: Towards integrated public health approach and clinical management. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03817-2

Nall, A., Chenneville, T., Rodriguez, L. M., & O’Brien, J. L. (2019). Factors affecting HIV testing among youth in Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), 1450.

Vrana-Diaz, C. J., Korte, J. E., Gebregziabher, M., Richey, L., Selassie, A., Sweat, M., & Gichangi, A. (2021). Social and Demographic Predictors of Gender Inequality Among Heterosexual Couples Expecting a Child in Central Kenya. Global Social Welfare, 8(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-019-00138-3

Lopes Write Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to Lopes Write, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.

Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.

Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?

Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.

Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.NR 443 Week 1 Discussion Determinants of Health

If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.

I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.

As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

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Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:

Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.

Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

  • Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
  • There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
  • Include in-text citations in your response
  • Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
  • Follow APA-7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

  • A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
  • Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
  • Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
  • Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
  • Follow APA 7th edition
  • Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
  • Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
  • Here are some helpful links
  • Student paper example
  • Citing Sources
  • The Writing Center is a great resource