HSC 3010 Assignment Long-Term Healthcare
HSC 3010 Assignment Long-Term Healthcare
What factors led to disintegration of the joint family system?
What has been the impact of this disintegration on aging people and long-term care?
Did disintegration have any benefits for health service organizations? Why or why not?
How have the operations, management, and structural changes of the 1990s and early 2000s impacted the long-term care system today?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the present long-term care system in the United States
What is long-term care and how is it referred to in the system of National Health
Accounts?
Historically, public health systems have focused mainly on short-term health care for
acute conditions. This is partly because communicable diseases were the main cause of
morbidity and mortality, but also because long-term hospital care was generally too
expensive an option. Care for chronically ill or disabled people was primarily given by
the patients’ direct families. Where the family was too poor or otherwise unable to deliver
care, government or religious and other charities stepped in. Nursing homes for destitute
elderly and sanatoria for tuberculosis patients were among the earliest long-term care
institutions in most parts of the world.
Today, long-term care is provided not only in the form of institutional care, but
increasingly in the home or community environment. The aim of this latter type of care,
which often combines medical, nursing and social services, is to help chronically ill and
disabled people to live a relatively normal life for as long as possible. In most countries,
long-term care programmes form part of both the health and the social system.
Following the guidelines of the system of National Health Accounts (OECD, 2000,
2005b), health-system-related long-term care is defined as the range of services needed to
assist people who are dependent on help for activities of daily living (ADL) (OECD,
2005a). It refers to long-term nursing and personal care aimed at supporting people with
physical, functional or mental restrictions. The services may be provided in residential
institutions, day-care centres or the home. Activities of daily living include a range of
self-care activities, such as bathing, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed or chair,
moving around, using the toilet, and controlling bladder and bowel movements.
Caregivers also monitor the status of patients in order to avoid further worsening of ADL
status (OECD, 2005a). Long-term nursing and personal care excludes basic medical and
social services, but is often provided in combination with these.
Basic medical services
include help with wound dressing, pain management, medication, health monitoring,
prevention, rehabilitation and palliative care. Social services are lower-level care, such as
home help or help with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), including homemaking, meals, transport and social activities. The latter are also reported in the system of
National Health Accounts, but in a separate rubric (OECD, 2005b). Chronic care is a
broader concept, which refers to a partnership between patients and families, health care
teams, and community supporters (WHO, 2002c), including medical, nursing and social
programmes.
In discussing long-term care programmes it is increasingly difficult to establish clear
boundaries between health and social services. As further discussed in section 1.6, this is
a result of the (recommended) trend towards the integration of services (chronic care
programmes), including health, nursing and social care. However, this blurring of
boundaries may cause problems in terms of professional standards and responsibilities.
As an example, in Thailand, the number of agencies that train people to act as private
caregivers for elderly people and children in their homes is currently increasing. The
Ministry of Education registers and oversees the performance of these agencies. The
Nursing Council has, however, raised concerns over the quality of care and possible
violation of professional nursing standards (WHO, 2003).
The integration of services also complicates the system of National Health Accounts,
which aims to develop uniform definitions and reporting schemes to facilitate comparison
of expenditure over time and between countries (see Section 2). The trend towards
integrated services does not seem to help this process: in a number of countries, the
border between institutional and home-based care is becoming unclear, which according
to a recent OECD study, hinders international comparability (OECD, 2005b: 14)
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Important information for writing discussion questions and participation
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Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to
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Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.
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Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.
Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.
I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!
Hi Class,
Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.
Contact me if you have any questions.
Important information on Writing a Discussion Question
- Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
- There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
- Include in-text citations in your response
- Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
- Follow APA-7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor
- A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
- Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
- Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
- Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
- Follow APA 7th edition
- Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
- Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
- Here are some helpful links
- Student paper example
- Citing Sources
- The Writing Center is a great resource