Imagine you are planning a health intervention for a certain group.
Imagine you are planning a health intervention for a certain group.
Description
Imagine you are planning a health intervention for a certain group. The first step is to know your intended audience.
Skim through Spector (2017) chapters 9-13, and select ONE racial/ethnic group, which is DIFFERENT from your own or that of your partner or spouse. This should be a group with which you are not very familiar; so, after reading the chapter, you will have more insight into the population than you do so now.
Carefully review the chapter in Spector (2017) that matches the racial/ethnic group that you have chosen; in other words, you only review ONE chapter out of the five possible options.
If you choose to review chapter 9, 11, or 13, then please pay close attention to disparities in income (poverty), age, and gender.
If you choose to review chapters 10 or 12, then please pay close attention to issues of immigration, age, gender, and poverty.
Write a 2-4 page paper using APA 7th edition format (double space, cite sources in paper and as references, paragraph format, free from spelling/grammatical errors) addressing the following:
State which population you chose and summarize (put in your own words while citing the textbook) just five of the eleven sections listed below. Make these very clear so I can easily identify your answers.
(1) brief background and history of the population; (2) traditional definitions of health and illness; (3) traditional methods of health maintenance, protection, and restoration; (4) folk medicine and/or religion, alternative health practices, and rituals; (5) other notable health practices; (6) current health problems; (7) racial disparities in care; (8) views on mental health and/or views on mental health by gender; (9) access to the health care system and/or access to the health care system based on immigration status; (10) special considerations for health care providers; and (11) any additional notable issues you would like to mention. NOTE: Be sure to include info on age, gender, poverty, and immigration (See Above).
Provide your feedback and analysis as a health care practitioner based on what you have learned in the chapter that you reviewed. Here’s how:
- Name at least three things you would do and three things that you would not do when planning a health intervention based on your new level of knowledge about this population.
If you were to plan a health intervention to address one issue mentioned in the chapter, what additional tools and resources do you think you would need in order to be successful?
- Address issues of your own cultural and linguistic competency.
What makes planning interventions for a different race/ethnicity/culture both rewarding and challenging at the same time? Feel free to be honest here and use your critical thinking skills.
What is the one greatest insight you had after reviewing this chapter based on another racial, ethnic, or cultural group other than your own.
List the textbook and any other sources you used as references at the end of the paper using APA 7th edition format.
Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness Ninth Edition Chapter 9 Health and Illness in the American Indian and Alaska Native Population Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 9-1 Beadwork – The Circle Is Divided into Four Quadrants That Represent the Directions North, South, East, and West Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 9-2 Sage – A Sacred Plant Commonly Used in Ceremonies to Purify a Setting (Such as Room, Entire Home, or Store) or a Person Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 9-3 “Burial Moon,” by Philip Young, Illustrates a Traditional Way of Burying People Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 9.1 Discuss the historical and demographic backgrounds of the American Indianand Alaska Native population. 9.2 Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the American Indian and Alaska Native population. 9.3 Explain the traditional methods of healing of the American Indian and Alaska Native population. 9.4 Discuss the practice of a traditional healer. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 9.5 Describe current healthcare problems of the American Indian and Alaska Native populations. 9.6 Summarize the services rendered by the Indian Health Service Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2014 Estimates (1 of 2) • 5.4 million people • 1.2% U.S. Population • 566 Federally recognized tribes (1/2015) Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2014 Estimates (2 of 2) • American Indian or Alaska Native – Refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and – Who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment. ▪ This category includes people who indicated their race(s) as “American Indian or Alaska Native” or reported their enrolled or principal tribe, such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup’ik, or Central American Indian groups or South American Indian groups. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Background • Must be known as Nations within the United States • Land issues • Broken treaties • Citizenship • American Indian Movement Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Largest American Indian Nations • Cherokee • Navajo • Latin American Indian • Choctaw • Sioux • Chippewa • Largest Alaska Native group – Eskimo Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health • Living in total harmony with nature • The ability to survive difficult situations • Relationship with the earth – Earth may be healthy or less healthy. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illness • Reason for every Illness • Associated with evil spirits • Disharmony with nature Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Selected Causes of Illness • Displeasing holy people • Annoying the elements • Disturbing animal and plant life • Neglecting celestial bodies • Misuse of ceremony • Tampering with witches Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Types of Illness • Contagious diseases – Measles – Smallpox – Diphtheria – Syphilis, and gonorrhea – Generalized illnesses • Body fever – Body ache Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Diagnosis • Motion in the hand • Sand paintings • Chanting • Stargazing • Listening Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Remedies • Purification – Cleanse body and spirit – Total immersion – Controls consciousness – Prepare for meditation • Sweat lodges • Herbal remedies Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Selected Traditional Remedies Illness Remedy Colds Witch Hazel Sore Throat Comfrey Diarrhea Elderberry flowers Headache Tansy and sage Ear Infection Skunk oil Mouth sores Dried raspberry leaves Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Healers • Medicine man or woman – Power developed from solitary vision quests and fasts. – Acquisition of full shamantic powers takes many years. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Current Healthcare Problems • American Indian and Alaska Native people have long experienced lower health status when compared with other Americans. – Lower life expectancy – Disproportionate disease burden • Related to: – Inadequate education. – Disproportionate poverty. – Discrimination in the delivery of health services. – Cultural differences. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Morbidity • Life expectancy is 2.4 years less than the U.S. all races population. • Infant mortality rate of nearly 10 per every 1,000 live births • Higher incidence of diabetes, tuberculosis, homicide, and suicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison of Selected Health Status Indicators: 2013 All Races and American Indians /Alaska Natives All Races American Indians and Alaska Natives Crude birth rate per 1,000 population 12.4 10.3 Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2012 6.0 8.4 Respondent-reported prevalence percent of adults: Cancer—all sites, 2012–2013, 18 years and over 5.9 4.3 Male death rates from suicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 2013 20.3 18.1 Male death rates from homicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 1999-2003 8.2 8.2 blank Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Illness • Ghost sickness • Preoccupation with death and a diseased person • Associated with witchcraft • Symptoms – Bad dreams – Weakness – Feelings of danger – Loss of appetite – Confusion Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Alcoholism • Consequences – Unintentional injuries – Chronic liver disease – Cirrhosis – Suicide – Homicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (1 of 2) • Abnormal browth • Central nervous system problems – Learning disabilities – Behavioral and/or mental problems – Abnormal sleeping and eating patterns • Specific facial deformities – Smooth philtrum – Thin vermillion border – Small palpebral fissures Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (2 of 2) • 70,000 babies born per year. • Many are American Indians. • Problem is increasing. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Domestic Violence • Physical assault by a husband, boyfriend, or some significant other • Subsequent episodes of abuse tend to get worse. • Traditionally, violence toward women was not practiced. • Presently, sanctions and protections against domestic violence have decreased. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Urban Problems • More than 70% of American Indians live in urban areas • High rates of: – Diphtheria – Tuberculosis – Otitis media with subsequent hearing defects – Alcohol abuse – Inadequate immunization – Mental health problems Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Indian Health Service (1 of 2) • Provides a comprehensive health service delivery service delivery system for American Indians and Alaska Natives – Members of the 566 federally recognized tribes • Divided into 12 physical areas of the United States • Eligibility Limitations • Interfaces with the Affordable Care Act Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Indian Health Service (2 of 2) Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Available Services • Tribal health – Direct services for physical and mental health • Law enforcement – Police protection may be necessary. • Legal assistance – Assistance for immediate shelter and emergency food and transportation Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The 10 Leading Causes of Death for American Indians and Alaska Natives and for All Persons, 2013 American Indians and Alaska Natives All Persons 1. Diseases of heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Unintentional injuries 4. Diabetes mellitus 5. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 6. Chronic lower respiratory disease 7. Cerebrovascular diseases 8. Suicide 9. Influenza and pneumonia 10. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 1. Diseases of heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Cerebrovascular diseases 6. Alzheimer’s disease 7. Diabetes mellitus 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 10. Suicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Problems • Indians – Suffer disease when they come into contact with the White health care provider. – Are victims of haphazard care and disrespectful treatment. – Have conflict between person’s perception of illness and what physician diagnoses. – Dislike long appointment waits. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Communication Problems • Provider Must be aware of: – Importance of non-verbal communication. – Expectation to deduce the problem. – Avoiding extensive questioning. ▪ Seen as invasive – Need for quiet conversation. – Notetaking taboo. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness Ninth Edition Chapter 10 Health and Illness in the Asian Population Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 10-1 Amulet – Hung in the Home or Workplace to Maintain Balance in the Space and Bring Good Luck and Health to the People Living or Working There Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 10-2 Dragon – Appears on January 1, the Chinese New Year, and Other Festive Occasions; Brings Physical as Well as Spiritual Health and Strength, Luck, and Prosperity, and Happiness Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 10-3 Smiling Buddha – a Powerful Spiritual Symbol for a Shrine Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 10.1 Discuss the historical and demographic background of the Asian American population. 10.2 Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the Asian American population. 10.3 Explain the traditional methods of healing of the Asian American population. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 10.4 Describe the practice of a traditional healer. 10.5 Summarize current healthcare problems of the Asian American population. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2014 Estimates • 18.9 million people • 5.3% U. S. Population • Asian – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent – Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam – Hawaii, 60.9% Asian Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Background • Chinese immigration began over 150 years ago – Laborers ▪ Met the needs of the dominant society – Mainly men • Discrimination – Did not have the same culture, language, habits of whites • Close knit communities – Chinatown Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Asian Religions’ Teachings (1 of 2) • Buddhism – Harmony/nonconfrontation (silence as a virtue) – Respect for life – Individualism is devalued. • Confucianism – Achievement of harmony through observing the five basic hierarchical roles and relationships of society, and importance of family. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Asian Religions’ Teachings (2 of 2) • Taoism – Harmony between humans and nature – Charity – Happiness – Long life Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health • A state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature – In ancient China, the task of the physician was to prevent illness. • Foundation rests in the religion and philosophy of Taoism. • Harmonious balance – Balance of Yin and Yang Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Holistic Concepts 1. A human body is regarded as an integral organism, with special emphasis on the harmonic and integral interrelationship between the viscera and the superficial structures. 2. Special attention is paid to the integration of the human body with the external environment. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Yin and Yang (1 of 2) • Female – Negative energy – Forces of darkness, cold, and emptiness • Male – Positive energy – Produces light, warmth, and fullness Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Yin and Yang (2 of 2) • Inside of body • Front of body • Gallbladder, stomach, large and small intestines, bladder • Diseases of winter and spring • Surface of body • Back of body • Liver, heart, spleen, lungs and kidney • Diseases of summer and fall Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illness • Disharmony of yin and yang • Disturbances of vital energy and blood • Malfunctioning of the visera Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Selected Causes of Illness • Upset in the balance of yin and yang • Weather – Heat – injures heart – Cold – injures lungs • Overexertion • Prolonged sitting • Prolonged lying in bed Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Types of Diagnosis (1 of 2) • Inspection – Glossoscopy ▪ Examine tounge – Osphretics ▪ Listen and smell – Anamnesis ▪ Ask questions Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Types of Diagnosis (2 of 2) • Palpitation – Sphygmopalpitation ▪ Feel the pulses – Pulse ▪ “Storehouse of the blood” ▪ Six different pulses in each hand Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chinese Medicine (1 of 2) • Emperor Shen Nung – Died 2697 BC – “Red Emperor” – Studied herbs – poisons and antidotes Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chinese Medicine (2 of 2) • Huang-ti – Ruled 2697 to 2595 BC – “Yellow Emperor” – Studied medicine – Wrote the Nei Ching ▪ Characteristics and realm of Chinese medicine Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health Maintenance and Restoration • Diet • Amulets • Folk Diseases Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Health Restoration • Acupuncture – Puncture body’s meridians with small needles to treat symptoms • Moxibustion – Heat pulverized wood and pass above the skin • Cupping – Remove cold and damp “evils” from the body • Herbals – Many remedies available Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Accupuncture • Ancient practice of puncturing the body to cure disease or relieve pain • Earliest use – 106 BC to 200 AD • Needles inserted in specific meridians • Generally considered safe Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Other Modalities • Moxibustion – Heat is applied to the meridians using mugwart and holding over the skin. • Bleeding – Use of leeches to remove heat from the body • Massage, Tui Na – “Pushing and pulling” complex system of massage used in orthopedics Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cupping (1 of 2) Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cupping (2 of 2) Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Herbal Remedies Remedy Illness Deer Antlers Weak bones Lime calcium Clear excessive mucus Quicksilver Venereal diseases Rhinoceros horns Antitoxin for snake bites Turtle shells Remove gallstones Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ginseng (1 of 2) • Derived from the root of a plant that resembles a man • Uses: – To stimulate digestion ▪ Rub ginseng to a powder, mix with the white of an egg, and take three times per day. – As a sedative ▪ Prepare a light broth of ginseng and bamboo leaves. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ginseng (2 of 2) • Uses: – For faintness after childbirth ▪ Administer a strong brew of ginseng several times a day. – As a restorative for frail children ▪ Give a dash of raw, minced ginseng several times per day. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chinese Pharmacy (1 of 2) Figure 10-5A Interior of a Chinese pharmacy; herbal prescription on counter. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chinese Pharmacy (2 of 2) Figure 10-5B Weighing herbs for a prescription. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Healers • Chinese Doctor – Highly educated in traditional diagnosis and therapy • Herbalist – Asian pharmacy ▪ Over the counter medications ▪ Prescription ▪ Preparation Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ayurvedic Medicine • The science of life • Originated in India 3,000+ years ago • Holistic – Integrates body, mind, and spirit • People, health, and the universe are related • Food and diet important components • Main system of health care in India • Variations in Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Tibet Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison of Selected Health Status Indicators: 2013 All Races and Asian or Pacific Island Blank All Races Asian or Pacific Island Crude birth rate per 1,000 population 12.4 14.3 Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2012 6.0 4.1 Respondent-reported prevalence percent of adults: Cancer—all sites, 2012–2013, 18 years and over 5.9 3.4 Male death rates from suicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 2013 20.3 9.1 Male death rates from homicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 1999-2003 8.2 2.3 Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Problems • Language difficulties • Adherence to traditional practices • Upset by blood drawing – Believe blood is not replaced • Institutional food Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Communication Problems • Provider Must be aware of: – Importance of non-verbal communication – Use of interpreters who speak the native language and dialect of patient – Meaning of non-commital silence – Infrequent revelation of pain Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2013 (1 of 4) Asian or Pacific Islander 1. Malignant neoplasms 2. Diseases of the heart 3. Cerebrovascular disease 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Diabetes mellitus Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2013 (2 of 4) 6. Influenza and pneumonia 7. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 8. Alzheimer’s disease 9. Nephritis, nephroitic syndrome, and nephrosis 10. Suicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2013 (3 of 4) All persons 1. Diseases of the Heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Cerebrovascular disease Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2013 (4 of 4) 6. Alzheimer’s disease 7. Diabetes mellitus 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephroitic syndrome and nephrosis 10.Suicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness Ninth Edition Chapter 11 Health and Illness in the Black Population Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11-1 African Amulet – May Be Worn for Health Protection Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11-2 Islamic Amulet – May Be Worn in a Satchel as a Necklace or Carried in a Pocket or Purse for Health Protection Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11-3 St. George Beth El Church in Flint, Michigan. The Sign over the Door Proclaims, “The Church Where Everybody Is Somebody.” Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 11.1 Discuss the historical and demographic backgrounds of the Black or African American population. 11.2 Describe the traditional definitions of Health and Illness of the Black or African American population. 11.3 Explain the traditional methods of Healing of the Black or African American population. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 11.4 Describe the practice of a traditional Healer. 11.5 Analyze current healthcare problems of the Black or African American population. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2014 Estimates (1 of 2) • 44.5 million people • 13.2% U.S. population Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2014 Estimates (2 of 2) • Black or African American – Refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa – Includes people who indicated their race(s) as “Black, African American, or Negro” or reported entries such as African American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Historical Overview • Black or African American people entered this country a year earlier than the Pilgrims, in 1619. • Majority descend from people who were brought here as slaves from the west coast of Africa during the 17th century. • Black or African American people have been living in the United States for many generations. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Highlights: Civil Rights Movement • 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education • 1957 – Little Rock, Arkansas integrated – Central High School • 1962 – Civil Rights movement organized • 1964 – Civil Rights Act passed • 1968 – Dr. M.L. King assassinated • 2007 – Efforts to strike down Brown v. Board of Education • 2013 – Voting Rights Act (1965) under fire Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 11–4 Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health and Illness • Health – All things influence one another – Harmony with nature – Do not separate body, mind, and spirit • Illness – State of disharmony Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Maintain Health • Proper diet • Hot breakfast • Rest • Clean environment • Laxatives – Keep bowels open Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Protect Health (1 of 2) • Asafetida – Worn around neck – Prevents contagious disease • Cod liver oil – Prevent colds Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Protect Health (2 of 2) • Sulfur and molasses – Prevent illness in the spring • Bangles – Bracelets (copper or silver) worn to protect from harm Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Restore Health (1 of 2) • Sugar and turpentine – Get rid of worms • Poultices – Fight infection • Herbs and Herbal Teas Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Restore Health (2 of 2) • Hot water and honey – Colds • Raw onions on feet – Treat a fever Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Herbal Remedies Remedy Illness Hot camphor oil Congestion Lemon water with honey Treat colds Poultices Fight inflammation Salt Pork Treat cuts and wounds Sugar and turpentine Get rid of worms Sour milk Cuts Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Methods of Health (1 of 2) • Voodoo – Arrived in North America in 1724 – 1850 – Height in New Orleans – Practiced by some people today Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Methods of Health (2 of 2) • Gris-gris – Good gris-gris ▪ Pleasantly scented powders and oils ▪ Many colors and positive uses – Bad gris-gris ▪ Vile odors ▪ Used for negative reasons Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Candles (1 of 3) • White – Symbolizes peace • Red – Victory • Pink – Love Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Candles (2 of 3) • Yellow – Driving off enemies • Brown – Attracting money • Black – Bring bad luck Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Candles (3 of 3) Figure 11-5 Voodoo candles Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Saints with Powers Saint Michael Conquest of enemies Saint Anthony de Padua Brings luck Saint Mary Magdalene Popular with women in love Virgin Mary Presence in the home prevents illness Sacred Heart of Jesus Cures organic illness Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Healers • Many believe in the power of some people to heal • Religious practices – Pentecostal Movement • Voodoo – Root Worker Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Black Muslims • About 5.5 million adherents – Person is “what he or she eats”. ▪ Follow Islamic dietary restrictions. – No pork products – Pray 5 times per day. – Fast of Ramadan – Modesty – Self-help and assist in uplifting each other Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health (1 of 2) • Boufée delirante – The sudden outburst of agitated and aggressive behavior, confusion, or occasional hallucinations – Africa and Haiti • Falling-Out – Sudden collapse without warning – Southern U.S. and Caribbean Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health (2 of 2) • Zar – Person is possessed by a spirit and may shout, weep, laugh, hit his or her head against the wall, or sing. – North African countries • Brain Fog – Physical and mental exhaustion, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, and sleeping and appetite problems – West Africa Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physiological Assessment Pallor Absence of underlying red tones Erythema Assess skin with fingertips Cyanosis Inspect lips, tongue, palms of hands Ecchymosis Swelling of skin surface Jaundice Sclera – yellow discoloration Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison of Selected Health Status Indicators: 2013 All Races and Black or African American Blank All Races Black or African American Crude birth rate per 1,000 population by race of mother, 2013 12.4 14.5 Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2012 6.0 10.9 Respondent –reported prevalence of cancer— all sites, 2010-2013, 18 years and over 5.9 4.8 Male death rates from suicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 2013 20.3 9.3 Male death rates from homicide, all ages, age 8.2 adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 19992003 31.6 Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sickle-Cell Anemia (1 of 3) • Red blood cells sickle – Genetically inherited trait – Hypothesis of African adaptation to fight malaria • Results – Hemolysis and thrombosis of red blood cells Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sickle-Cell Anemia (2 of 3) • Comprises the following blood characteristics: 1. Presence of two hemoglobin-S genes (Hb SS) 2. Presence of the hemoglobin-S gene with another abnormal hemoglobin gene (Hb SC, Hb SD, etc.) 3. Presence of the hemoglobin-S gene with a differentabnormality in hemoglobin synthesis Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sickle-Cell Anemia (3 of 3) • Manifestations – Hemolysis – Anemia – States of sickle-cell crises – Severe pain in the areas of body where the thrombosed red cells are located – The cells also tend to clump in abdominal organs, such as the liver and the spleen. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Culture-Bound Mental Illness • Rootwork – Generalized anxiety related to hexing • Falling-out – Sudden collapse • Boufée delirante – Sudden agitated and aggressive behavior • Spell – Trance state Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (1 of 4) Black or African American 1. Diseases of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Cerebrovascular disease 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Diabetes mellitus Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (2 of 4) 6. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 7. Nephritis, nephroitic syndrome, and nephrosis 8. Homicide 9. Septicemia 10.Alzheimer’s disease Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (3 of 4) All persons 1. Diseases of the Heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Cerebrovascular disease 4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 5. Unintentional injuries Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (4 of 4) 6. Alzheimer’s disease 7. Diabetes mellitus 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephroitic syndrome and nephrosis 10.Septicemia Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness Ninth Edition Chapter 12 Health and Illness in the Hispanic Populations Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12-1 Jet Stones – Worn as a Necklace for Protection from the Evil Eye or Envy Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12-2 Small Packet of Seeds, Amulets, and a Mano Milagroso – Carried in a Purse or Pocket for Protection Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 12-3 Santo Nino – the Holy Child, Dressed in a Healthcare Provider’s White Uniform and Wearing a Stethoscope Placed in Home or Work Place for Protection Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 12.1 Discuss the historical and demographic backgrounds of the Hispanic American population. 12.2 Describe the traditional definitions of health and illness of the Hispanic American population. 12.3 Explain the traditional methods of healing of the Hispanic American population. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 12.4 Describe the practice of a traditional healer. 12.5 Summarize current healthcare problems of the Hispanic American population. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2014 Estimates (1 of 2) • Largest emerging majority population • 17.3% of U. S. Population Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2014 Estimates (2 of 2) • Hispanic or Latino – Refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Profile 2013 • More than 50% growth in U.S. population between 20002013 was due to Hispanic population • Largest populations – California – New Mexico – Texas along the Mexican border • Mexican origin – 63% of the Hispanic population Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The “Fence” along the US/Mexico Border • The “fence” built to “protect” the United States from people who cross the border seeking work. • Structure 16 feet high and topped with barbed wire. • People are able to “jump” the fence. • It abuts yards of homes in Mexico. • Planned to cover the 2,000 miles of the U.S./Mexico border. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved U.S./Mexico Border Figure 12.4 The fence along the U.S.-Mexico border; Mexico is on the right side. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health (1 of 2) • Result of good luck • Reward for good behavior • Gift from God Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health (2 of 2) • Balance of the four humors – Blood ▪ Hot and wet – Yellow bile ▪ Hot and dry – Phlegm ▪ Cold and wet – Black bile ▪ Cold and dry Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illness • Imbalance in a person’s body – Imbalance between “hot” and “cold” or “wet” and “dry” • Punishment meted out for wrongdoing. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illness Causes • Body’s imbalance in the four humors • Dislocation of parts of the body • Magic or supernatural causes outside the body • Strong emotional states • Envidia – Envy Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Imbalance in the Four Humors (1 of 2) 1. Blood, hot and wet 2. Yellow bile, hot and dry 3. Phlegm, cold and wet 4. Black bile, cold and dry Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Imbalance in the Four Humors (2 of 2) • Hot illness treated with a “cold” substance. • Cold illness with a “hot” substance. – Not physical measurable temperature Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Dislocation of Body Parts • Empacho – Believed to be caused by a ball of food clinging to the wall of the stomach. • Caida de la mollera (fallen fontanel) – A more serious illness – Occurs in dehydrated infants and young children younger than 1 year old – Anterior fontanel is depressed below the contour of the skull. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Magic or Supernatural Causes • Outside the body • Witchcraft or possession – Brujas (witches) ▪ Use malevolent forces ▪ Cast spells – Mal Ojo ▪ “Bad eye” ▪ May result from excessive admiration by another person Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Strong Emotional States • Susto – Illness arising from fright – Involves soul loss – Soul is able to leave the body and wander. ▪ While dreaming ▪ After a traumatic event Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Envidia • “To succeed is to fail” • Envy of friends or neighbors leads to misfortune. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Religious Rituals • Making promises – A promesa may be made to God or to a saint for recovery from an illness. • Visiting shrines – Pilgrimages to shrines • Offering medals and lighting candles – Pinning small medals on saints • Offering prayers – At home, in churches, in shrines Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved An Yerberia (1 of 3) Figure 12-5 A traditional community resource Yerberia in Mission, Texas. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved An Yerberia (2 of 3) Figure 12-6 Samples of amulets sold in Sr. Garcia’s Yerberia. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved An Yerberia (3 of 3) Figure 12-7 Samples of candles sold in Sr. Garcia’s Yerberia. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Protect Health • Eat proper foods. • Work the proper amount of time. • Prayer • Wear religious medals and amulets. • Keep relics in the home. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Restore Health • Herbal remedies • Limpias • Religious rituals Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Retalbo Figure 12-8 A retalbo that depicts a person praying to the Virgin of San Juan de la Valle for the healing of a loved one. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Alter in El Santuario de Chimayo Figure 12-9 An altar in El Santuario de Chinmayo, in Chinmayo, New Mexico. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Healers • Curandero/a • Materia • Partera • Herbalista Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Milagros (1 of 2) Figure 12-10 Milagros. This photograph is an example of the assortment of various miniature articles that may be purchased for the nominal cost of $1.00 in botanicas or in a marketplace from traditional people. In this image are crutches, a head, a woman, children and a baby, an arm, a leg, eyes, breasts, a torso, a heart, a car, a horse, a key, a whisky bottle, and others. When a person is experiencing a problem with one of these anatomical areas or objects, he or she may pray for recovery; make a promesa to a saint; and when the person’s prayer is answered, take the milagro to a church and place it near the saint the person prayed to. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Milagros (2 of 2) Figure 12-11 Milagros placed at the Shrine of Saint Anthony in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Mary in San Antonio, Texas. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Curandero/a 1. “Born” to heal • Known from the moment of cuandero’s birth that something is unique about this person and destined to be a healer. 2. Learn by apprenticeship • Person is taught the ways of healing, especially the use of herbs. 3. “Calling” through a dream, trance, or vision • Contact is made with the supernatural. 4. The “call” comes either during adolescence or during the midlife crises. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Partera (1 of 2) • Lay midwife – Giving advice to the pregnant woman – Giving physical aid, such as treating any illness the woman may experience during pregnancy – Guiding the woman through her pregnancy in terms of nutrition or activities she can and cannot do – Being in attendance during labor and delivery Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Partera (2 of 2) Figure 12-12 Sign for a partera Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison: Traditional–Modern Caregiver (1 of 2) • Traditional – Informal – Home visits – Consults family – Less expensive – Attentive to spiritual needs – Shares patients world-view Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison: Traditional–Modern Caregiver (2 of 2) • Modern – Businesslike – Patient visits setting – May ignore family – Costly – Secular care ▪ Little regard for patient’s religion – Does not share patient’s world Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mental Health • Mental Illness – Epilepsy – Mal Ojo (evil eye) • Moral Illness – Vice – Emotions Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Traditional Herbal Remedies Remedy Illness Manzanilla – Chamomile Fright – Susto Yerba Buena spearmint Nervousness Te de narranjo – Orange leaves Albacor – Sweet basil Nervousness Fright – Susto Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Santeria (1 of 2) • Afro-Caribbean magic and Health practices • Traditional Healer is a santero. • Catholic saints, who have African names and are known as protectors, protecciones Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Santeria (2 of 2) • Several folk ailments – Mal ojo ▪ Prevent with amulets – Empacho ▪ Treated by massage – Fatigue ▪ Asthma-like symptoms Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Orishas, Saints and Health Orisha Saint Health Problem Chango Saint Barbara Violent death Ifa Saint Anthony Fertility Obatala Crucified Christ Heals bronchitis Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison Of Selected Health Status Indicators: 2013 All Races And Hispanic Americans (1 of 2) blank All Races Hispanic Americans Crude birth rate per 1,000 population by race of mother, 2013 12.4 16.7 Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2012 6.0 5.1 Respondent –reported prevalence of cancer—all sites, 2010-2013, 18 years and over 5.9 3.6 Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison Of Selected Health Status Indicators: 2013 All Races And Hispanic Americans (2 of 2) blank All Races Hispanic Americans Male death rates from suicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 2013 20.3 9.3 Male death rates from homicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 1999-2003 8.2 7.3 Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (1 of 4) Hispanic or Latino 1. Malignant neoplasms 2. Diseases of the heart 3. Unintentional injuries 4. Cerebrovascular disease 5. Diabetes mellitus Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (2 of 4) 6. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 7. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 8. Alzheimer’s disease 9. Influenza and pneumonia 10.Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (3 of 4) All persons 1. Diseases of the Heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Cerebrovascular disease Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (4 of 4) 6. Alzheimer’s disease 7. Diabetes mellitus 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis 10.Suicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Barriers to Health Care • Language • Poverty – High incidences ▪ Tuberculosis, malnutrition, cancer, lead poisoning – Migrant farmworkers ▪ Occupational hazards • Time orientation Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness Ninth Edition Chapter 13 Health and Illness in the White Population Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Labour to keep alive in your Breast that Little Spark of Celestial Fire Called Conscience. —George Washington, in J. Needleman (2003) Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 13-1 Magentropfen – a Common German Herbal Preparation to Treat Nausea Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 13-2 Mosaic Icon – The Virgin of Czestochowa, Poland, Believed to Bring Healing and Other Miracles Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 13-3 Saint Anthony of Padua – The Patron Saint of Finding Lost Things or People Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 13.1 Discuss the historical and demographic backgrounds of selected populations within the White non-Hispanic population. 13.2 Compare and contrast the traditional definitions of Health and Illness of selected populations within the White non-Hispanic population. 13.3 Discuss the traditional methods of Healing of selected populations within the White non-Hispanic population. 13.4 Describe current health status and problems of the White non-Hispanic population. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2013 Estimates (1 of 2) • 318.9 million people • 77.4% White – 62.1% White alone Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Demographic Overview: Census 2013 Estimates (2 of 2) • White – Refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as “White” or reported entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved European Ancestry: 2013 Ancestry German Irish English Italian Polish French (except Basque) Scottish Number in millions 47.7 34.6 25.8 17.4 9.6 8.7 5.5 Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved German Americans • Since 1830, more than 7 million Germans have immigrated to the United States. • Largest ancestry population in the United States. • California, Texas, and Pennsylvania have the largest German populations. • Introduced first kindergartens Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health: German Americans • A state of well being physically and emotionally • Ability to do your duty • Positive energy to do things • Ability to do, think, and act the way you would like • Enjoy life Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illness: German Americans • The absence of well-being • Pain • Malfunction of body organs • Not being able to do what you want • Disorder of body • Imbalance Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Selected Causes of Illness: German American • Most people – “Germ Theory” • Stress • Drafts • Environmental changes • Belief in the “evil eye” • God’s punishment Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Symptoms and Traditional Remedies: German American Constipation Castor oil, Black draught Cold Olbas oil from Germany Congestion Goose fat rub on chest Earache Warm oil in ear Sore throat Chicken soup Puncture wound Soak in kerosene Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Polish Americans • First arrived in 1608 in Jamestown, Virginia. • Over 9.5 million people claim Polish ancestry. • Polish people shared problems as a community. • Major influx 1870 to 1913 Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health: Polish Americans • Feeling ok as a whole – Body, spirit • Happy • Active • Able to work • Good to everybody • Never cross Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illness: Polish Americans • Nothing wrong with body, mind, or spirit • Not able to work • Not active • Feeling bad Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Maintain Health: Polish American • Maintain a happy home • Being kind • Walking • Exercise Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Symptoms and Traditional Remedies: Polish American Cold Flaxseed poultice Colic and cramps Peppermint tea Constipation Senna-leaf tea Cough “Gugel Mugel” concoction with whisky, milk, and butter Indigestion Spearmint tea Kidney problems Swamp Root Puncture wounds Salt pork Scratches Spider webs Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Swamp Root Figure 13-4 Swamp root. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Italian Americans • Over 17.4% of the population claims Italian ancestry. • Country named for an Italian – Amerigo Vespucci. • Between 1820-1990, over 5 million people immigrated from Italy. • The family is the main tie. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health: Italian Americans • Old Beliefs • Congenital abnormalities can be attributed to the unsatisfied desire for food during pregnancy. • If a woman is not given food that she smells, the fetus will move inside, and a miscarriage will result. • If a pregnant woman bends or turns or moves in a certain way, the fetus may not develop normally. • A woman must not reach during pregnancy because reaching can harm the fetus. Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illness: Italian Americans • Traditional Causes 1. Winds and currents that bear diseases 2. Contagion or contamination 3. Heredity 4. Supernatural or human causes 5. Psychosomatic interactions Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Health-Related Problems: Italian Americans • Two genetic diseases commonly seen among Italians – Favism ▪ A severe hemolytic anemia caused by deficiency of the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and triggered by the eating of fava beans – Thalassemia syndromes ▪ Hemolytic anemias – Alpha-thalassemia – Beta-thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Comparison of Selected Health Status Indicators: 2013 All Races and White Health Indicator All Races White only Crude birth rate per 1,000 population by race of mother, 2013 12.4 12.0 Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2012 6.0 5.1 Respondent–reported prevalence of cancer— all sites, 2010-2013, 18 years and over 5.9 6.2 Male death rates from suicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 2013 20.3 22.6 Male death rates from homicide, all ages, age adjusted per 100,000 resident population, 1999-2003 8.2 4.4 Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (1 of 4) White alone 1. Diseases of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Cerebrovascular disease Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (2 of 4) 6. Alzheimer’s disease 7. Diabetes mellitus 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephroitic syndrome and nephrosis 10. Suicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (3 of 4) All persons 1. Diseases of the heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 4. Unintentional injuries 5. Cerebrovascular disease Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Mortality: 2014 (4 of 4) 6. Alzheimer’s disease 7. Diabetes mellitus 8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephroitic syndrome and nephrosis 10. Suicide Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved