NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
Sample Answer for NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden Included After Question
The Quadruple Aim provides broad categories of goals to pursue to maintain and improve healthcare. Within each goal are many issues that, if addressed successfully, may have a positive impact on outcomes. For example, healthcare leaders are being tasked to shift from an emphasis on disease management often provided in an acute care setting to health promotion and disease prevention delivered in primary care settings. Efforts in this area can have significant positive impacts by reducing the need for primary healthcare and by reducing the stress on the healthcare system.
Changes in the industry only serve to stress what has always been true; namely, that the healthcare field has always faced significant challenges, and that goals to improve healthcare will always involve multiple stakeholders. This should not seem surprising given the circumstances. Indeed, when a growing population needs care, there are factors involved such as the demands of providing that care and the rising costs associated with healthcare. Generally, it is not surprising that the field of healthcare is an industry facing multifaceted issues that evolve over time.
In this module’s Discussion, you reviewed some healthcare issues/stressors and selected one for further review. For this Assignment, you will consider in more detail the healthcare issue/stressor you selected. You will also review research that addresses the issue/stressor and write a white paper to your organization’s leadership that addresses the issue/stressor you selected.
RESOURCES
Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.
WEEKLY RESOURCES
To Prepare:
- Review the national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the Resources and reflect on the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected for study.
- Reflect on the feedback you received from your colleagues on your Discussion post for the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected.
- Identify and review two additional scholarly resources (not included in the Resources for this module) that focus on change strategies implemented by healthcare organizations to address your selected national healthcare issue/stressor.
The Assignment (2-3 Pages):
Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue
Develop a 2 to 3 page paper, written to your organization’s leadership team, addressing your selected national healthcare issue/stressor and how it is impacting your work setting. Be sure to address the following:
- Describe the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected and its impact on your organization. Use organizational data to quantify the impact (if necessary, seek assistance from leadership or appropriate stakeholders in your organization).
- Provide a brief summary of the two articles you reviewed from outside resources on the national healthcare issue/stressor. Explain how the healthcare issue/stressor is being addressed in other organizations.
- Summarize the strategies used to address the organizational impact of national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the scholarly resources you selected. Explain how they may impact your organization both positively and negatively. Be specific and provide examples.
Looking Ahead
The paper you develop in Module 1 will be revisited and revised in Module 2. Review the Assignment instructions for Module 2 to prepare for your revised paper.
BY DAY 7 OF WEEK 2
Submit your paper.
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A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
Title: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
The Selected National Healthcare Stressor
The selected national stressor in the healthcare sector for the assignment is medical errors. Medical errors have been defined as the failure of undertaking or completing planned actions as intended or completion utilizing a wrong plan. Medical errors results in negative health outcomes such as harm to patients (Makary & Daniel, 2016). Medical errors are a critical issue being experienced in the US healthcare systems. It is estimated that medical errors account for 3.9% of all the events in patients hospitalized with cardiac problems. The incidence of medical errors in the U.S. healthcare system is estimated to be 25 in every 100 outpatients. This rate makes medical errors the most frequent cause of injury caused by medical care in not only the US but also other developed economies. It is further reported that between 44000 and 98000 people in the US die on an annual basis from adverse events due to medical errors (Ohta et al., 2019).
Impact on My Organization
The issue of medical errors is not only affecting the state but also our organization too. The impacts of medical errors are evident in the institution. One of them is the increased hospital stay among the admitted patients. Patients who suffer adverse events of medical errors often stay too long in the hospital due to unintended care needed by them. The other impact is the increase in the operational costs. The insurance reimbursement claims due to incidences of medical errors have also been high in the institution. The hospital also has to spend its resources in lawsuits due to harm in care. The last impact is the rise in the mortality rate in the affected patients. Patients with chronic conditions such as heart failure and kidney disease often die due to the complications of medical errors (Kaur et al., 2019). Therefore, these effects of medical errors have affected the ability of my organization to achieve its objectives.
Article Summary on How the Issue is Being Addressed in Other Organizations
The articles that were selected to explore the issue of medical errors include those by FDA (2019) and Pérez et al. (2019). The article by FDA (2019) reveals that the incidence of medical errors in the US is high. The number of reported medical errors annually in the state is more than 100,000. The outcomes of these errors include disability, hospitalization, and death. Pérez et al. (2019) echo similar assertions in their research where medical errors were identified as the leading stressors experienced in not only the US healthcare system but also globally too. The articles by Pérez et al. (2019) and FDA (2019) provide practical solutions that health organizations in America can embrace to address the issue of medical errors. They include container labelling and proprietary branding to minimize the risk of confusion in drug dispensing. The articles also point the need for provider training, prioritized counselling to providers, and refresher training opportunities to minimize the risk of medical errors (FDA, 2019; Pérez et al., 2019). Health organizations in my state have embraced a number of interventions to address the issue of medical errors in their setting. They include increasing nurse to patient ratio to minimize burnout, adopting technology use to increase efficiency, improving inter-professional communication, and incident reporting and review to minimize the risk of future occurrence of medical errors.
Strategies Used to Address the Impacts of the Stressor and Impact on my Organization
Studies have been conducted to identify and determine the effectiveness of various strategies utilized to address the issue of medical errors. The research by Zikhani (2016) provides a seven-step approach that health organizations can use to prevent and minimize the risk of medical errors. The seven steps include health provider education and training, development of rules and policies, implementation of protocols such as checklists and reminders and simplifications and standardization of procedure. The steps also include automation and computerization of organizational functions and forcing function. According to Zikhani (2016), an effective use of these seven steps of preventing and minimizing medical errors creates patient safety culture in an organization. Consistent findings to the above are seen in the study by Adelman et al. (2017) where automation and computerization of operations in the NICU resulted in the significant reduction in wrong-patient orders. Distinct naming of drugs and ID re-entry was also associated with a significant reduction in the overall incidence rate of medical errors. Other strategies proposed by Rishoej et al. (2018) in their study include standardization of procedures, provide education, refresher training for skill acquisition, and the adoption of double-check processes to minimize the risk of confusion.
The above strategies have significant implications to our hospital. They increase the need for the provision of training to the healthcare providers on different types of medical errors and ways of preventing them. They also raise the need for the provision of refresher training courses to the healthcare providers to ensure that they remain up-to-date on the effective strategies to address the issue of medical errors. The other implication is the need for the development and implementation of policies and regulations that relate to medication errors in the organization. The hospital needs to develop policies that guide the manner in which medical errors in the institution are prevented and addressed. The last implication is the need for provider transparency and responsibility in communicating error incidences. Medical errors should be utilized as a learning tool rather than for punitive purposes. The lessons learned from the errors are used to prevent similar occurrences in the future. Therefore, the strategies have a positive impact on the organization.
References
Adelman, J. S., Aschner, J. L., Schechter, C. B., Angert, R. M., Weiss, J. M., Rai, A., Berger, M. A., Reissman, S. H., Yongue, C., Chacko, B., Dadlez, N. M., Applebaum, J. R., Racine, A. D., & Southern, W. N. (2017). Evaluating Serial Strategies for Preventing Wrong-Patient Orders in the NICU. Pediatrics, 139(5). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2863
FDA. (2019). Working to Reduce Medication Errors. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-information-consumers/working-reduce-medication-errors
Kaur, A. P., Levinson, A. T., Monteiro, J. F. G., & Carino, G. P. (2019). The impact of errors on healthcare professionals in the critical care setting. Journal of Critical Care, 52, 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.03.001
Makary, M. A., & Daniel, M. (2016). Medical error—The third leading cause of death in the US. Bmj, 353.
Ohta, Y., Miki, I., Kimura, T., Abe, M., Sakuma, M., Koike, K., & Morimoto, T. (2019). Epidemiology of Adverse Events and Medical Errors in the Care of Cardiology Patients. Journal of Patient Safety, 15(3), 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000291
Pérez, C. D., Fuentes, P. S., García, E. J., Pérez, C. D., Fuentes, P. S., & García, E. J. (2019). Addressing medical errors: An intervention protocol for nursing professionals. Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da USP, 53. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1980-220×2018012703463
Rishoej, R. M., Lai Nielsen, H., Strzelec, S. M., Fritsdal Refer, J., Allermann Beck, S., Gramstrup, H. M., Thybo Christesen, H., Juel Kjeldsen, L., Hallas, J., & Almarsdóttir, A. B. (2018). Qualitative exploration of practices to prevent medication errors in neonatal intensive care units: A focus group study. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 9(7), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098618771541
Zikhani, R. (2016). Seven-step pathway for preventing errors in healthcare. Journal of Healthcare Management, 61(4), 271–281.
A Sample Answer 2 For the Assignment: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
Title: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
There are numerous national health stressors or problems that affect and impact health organizations throughout the United States. They all require attention, even if some are more pressing than others. The medical challenge chosen in this instance is the development of health-care practitioners’ expertise, which is one of the most significant existing stressors. These are the nurses who work in this capacity for a health-care organization. Upskilling is a method of retraining representatives so they can easily acquire new skills and continue practicing in their field (Pringle, 2017). Recent advancements (particularly mechanical) within and around health care have necessitated the updating of laborers’ skill sets, for example, nurses. The PwC Health Research Institute identified upskilling as a significant health-care issue in 2019. Today, unless updated, entire health-care workforces are threatened by technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) attrition. This includes nurses who have not previously provided health care services.
The impact of upskilling as a health-care issue on my health-care association is enormous. This is because developing health-care innovations has become more necessary in diagnostics, therapeutics, and nursing care. As a result, nurses are finding themselves short of the skills necessary to provide excellent patient care. It requires the association to set aside funds for retraining and updating the skills of its nurses in order for them to adapt to emerging technological changes (Gaskell, 2018). For the organization, it is an unavoidable asset-intensive endeavor. For instance, in my association, policymakers simply needed to set aside funds for training nurses and other health-care staff on how to use the recently introduced EHR. Upskilling is successful in the health-care sector, where EHRs are now required. Artificial intelligence-assisted telehealth intercessions are expected to be a sign of health-care upskilling.
Two Articles’ Summary
Michaelis, et al. (2019) state that the health‐economic outcomes of allergic disease are noteworthy, with both direct health-care costs and backhanded costs (lost school and work time, decreased profitability and over‐the‐counter meds). There is additionally a well-recognized impedance of personal satisfaction, with less substantial expenses including uneasiness, trouble, inconvenience, incapacity, and, periodically, death. To assist with moderating these impacts, there is a need to upskill the expert workforce at all levels, and to furnish those prepared with the aptitudes to become future health are proficient mentors. Upskilling the workforce from the grass‐roots of undergrad concentrate in Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Professionals (AHP) through the total of training to senior specialist levels could have a significant valuable effect on the patient and their families, lead to a decrease in crisis utilization of clinical assistance, and help increment monetary profitability. As of now, the errand of upskilling the workforce falls to the global and national associations focused on giving direct instructive effort projects, symposia, and lectureships in an allergy to experts (Michaelis, et al., 2019). Upskilling the workforce from the grass‐roots of undergrad concentrate through the aggregate of preparing to expert level could majorly affect the patient and their families, the clinical help, general health, and the economy. NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
Adamski, Gibson, Leech, & Truby (2018) state that an absence of nourishment training and education, time limitations during arrangements, and patients who approach an ever-developing group of sustenance and health data using the Internet and social media, together may clarify why specialists tend not to remember nourishment guidance for their care plans. For health experts, keeping up money in information about advancements in the numerous orders of sustenance science is testing; anticipating that specialists should have anything else than basic nourishment information is ridiculous, yet they should grapple numerous inquiries that their patients pose and inside exceptionally limited time (Adamski, Gibson, Leech, & Truby, 2018). Upskilling is an unquestionable requirement to stay aware of health-care advances. In different associations in the health-care area, a similar circumstance predicts. They are acceptance a comparable practice of retraining to upskill nurses, doctors, and other health laborers so they can familiarise with the continuing technological variations and maintain offering quality and safe patient care.
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Strategies used to address the impact of issues
Since the truth of upskilling in the health-care organization is inevitable, it is basic to create methodologies that target tending to the organizational effect of this issue. Three methodologies are particularly useful. To start with, the organization needs to acquaint new advances step by step by taking into consideration adjustment and training. Expanding the training of the clinical workforce in the best way to utilize new and existing technology is being created and improved the world over. The training of laborers needs to be aware of these quick technological progressions (Chaghari, Ebadi, Ameryoun, & Safari, 2017). The workforce must be taught to utilize technology that controls care, enables patients, and utilizations shared information to improve the arrangement of proficient and powerful health-care. Second, upskilling should be made an arrangement activity that highlights the association’s objectives. An upskilling activity can occur at the degree of an organization, an industry, or a network. The last upskilling should be suitably intended for like some other price if it is to prosper. By no means should upskilling be considered as a bit of hindsight (Chaghari, Ebadi, Ameryoun, & Safari, 2017). These strategies had a positive impact on my organization as they are structured to offer the organization a competitive edge. However, accounting on the adverse side means that it will consume assets that should be set sideways by the organization. NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue WaldenIn practice, healthcare providers should be kept free from exhaustion. The care providersto patient ratio should be manageable such that healthcare providers are not physically and mentally drained. Nursing shortage occurs when the number of patients is high to the extent that
care providers cannot provide satisfactory services. The problem creates an environment where
care providers are highly dissatisfied and ready to leave (Chang et al., 2017). In response, it has
been the cause of 25% nurse turnover in the organization, with 10% of the care providers leaving
the profession entirely. This data shows a lack of motivation to continue offering healthcare
services irrespective of other measures such as rewards the organization applies to inspire
employees.
References
Adamski, M., Gibson, S., Leech, M., & Truby, H. (2018). Are doctors nutritionists? What is the role of doctors in providing nutrition advice? Nutrition Bulletin, 43(2), 147-152.
Chaghari, M., Ebadi, A., Ameryoun, A., & Safari, M. (2017). Empowering Education: A New Model for In-service Training of Nursing Staff. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism, 26–32.
Gaskell, A. (2018). Preparing The Healthcare Workforce To Deliver A Digital Future. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/adigaskell/2018/11/09/preparing-the-healthcare-workforce-to-deliver-the-digital-future/#6820cdf86d34
Michaelis, L. J., Skypala, I. J., Gardner, J., Sheikh, A., Fox, A. T., & Holloway, J. A. (2019). Upskilling health-care professionals to manage the clinical allergy. Clinical & Experimental Allergy.
Pringle, S. A. (2017). The Challenges of Upskilling Health Care Assistants in Community Nursing. Br J Community Nurs, 284-288.
A Sample Answer 3 For the Assignment: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
Title: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
The value of nursing care has a direct relationship with quality and safety outcomes. The nursing shortage is a persistent national health issue affecting the ability of nurses to provide effective nursing care to patients; thus, undermining the safety and quality of care. The effects of the nursing shortage in healthcare are multifaceted impacting nurses, patients, and healthcare organizations. Nursing shortage leads to work overload, resulting in burnout and stress for nurses. According to studies, burnout and stress has multiple negative outcomes, including medication errors, adverse events, high rates of infections, patient safety issues, poor nurse performance, high turnover rates, increased length of hospital stay, and negative patient experience(Dall’Ora et al., 2020). These factors have quality and safety implications as hospitals struggle to enhance the patient experience, reduce infection, adverse events, length of hospital stay, and other quality indicators and improve overall population health. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of the nursing shortage at my organization and identify possible strategies for remedying the healthcare stressor from scholarly sources.
National Healthcare Issue/Stressor and Its Impact on the Organization
A recent quality assessment and audit at my organization revealed several issues negatively impacting quality and safety outcomes. First, the review noted a higher rate of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) than the value of last year’s review. Secondly, the assessment also pointed out that some patients had a longer hospital stay (LOS) than necessary. Thirdly, the review revealed significant cases of medication errors and adverse events such as avoidable patient falls. A separate assessment investigating the experience of nurses and patients with work and care, respectively, also showed that nurses are stressed because of the high workload. A significant portion of the patient population surveyed reported a low level of satisfaction with the services and care experience. Equally, nurses reported high workload, stress, and low job satisfaction.
Summary of Two Articles
The article, A nursing shortage – a prospect of global and local policies, examines the factors driving nursing shortage around the world, primarily, the rising population of senior citizens. According to the article, the nursing shortage has no single cause but multiple interrelated factors. Some of the contributors tothe nursing shortage include ineffective planning and utilization of nursing resources, demographic changes, and poor recruitment practices (Marć et al., 2018). The authors provide strategies for addressing the nursing shortage from policies point of view. Similarly, the article, Discuss Reasons for Acute and Chronic Problems with The Crisis of Nursing, acknowledges that recruitment and retention of nurses remains a crisis in countries worldwide. The author argues that one of the causes of the perennial nursing shortage is the nursing education structure, which dwells on theory and allocates less time for practical experience (Wada, 2020). As such, nurses enter the profession with less practical experience, giving them anxiety and a high tendency to quit. Additionally, the article notes that time constraints and high workloads limit the nurses’ ability to deliver ideal care(Wada, 2020).
Recognizing the negative implications of the nursing shortage, organizations have come up with strategies attempting to address the issue and enhance patient outcomes. One of the strategies implemented in other organizations is an onboarding program to reduce new nurses’ turnover rates. A recent RN Staffing report reveals that the turnover rate for novice nurses is 18.7%, a 2.8% increase from the 2020 survey (NSI Nursing Solutions, 2021). Novice nurses are likely to resign because of poor organizational culture, bullying, challenging clinical environment, and feelings of isolation. Onboarding programs help new nurses feel welcomed, supported, and part of the community. The second strategy used in other organizations is long-term training and development of nurses. Studies link training and development to motivation, staff engagement, better performance, and staff satisfaction, reducing turnover rates (Zahoor & Mustafa, 2020).
Summary of Strategies Used To Address the Organizational Impact of Nursing Shortage
The articles selected provide various strategies for addressing nurse shortages. According to Wada (2020),higher wages attract and retain nurses leading to a low turnover rate. Additionally, improving the relationship between nurses and physicians and other healthcare workers is essential as nurses want recognition and respect, enhancing motivation. An additional strategy is to identify and address the negative factors affecting the work environment, such as hard shifts and heavy workload. Similarly, managerial support and the adoption of information technology to eliminate manual work are also strategies for improving nurse retention rates (Wada, 2020). Strategies reported by Marć et al. (2018) include salary regulation to ensure fair compensation, creating a positive work environment, implementing information technology, and introducing lifelong learning for professional development. My organization can benefit from these strategies to improve staff retention. For example, introducing an onboarding program for novice nurses is a good idea, as most face challenges acclimatizing with the organizational culture, work environment, and challenging shifts, causing them frustrations that lead to turnover. Nevertheless, the organization will face challenges implementing some of these strategies; for example, salary increase and training and development require resources, yet, the organization’s financial resources are already strained.
Conclusion
Nurse shortage is a profound health stressor that undermines quality and safe care services to patients and populations. Scholarly articles provide several strategies to address the problem, promote nurse retention, and improve the quality and safety of care. One strategy is increasing wages to ensure fair compensation for the challenging nursing work and enhance motivation. The second strategy is introducing training and development to help nurses learn new skills and knowledge and attain professional development. Other techniques are creating a positive work environment, implementing an onboarding program for new nurses, effective management, and implementing information technology to reduce workload.
References
Dall’Ora, C., Ball, J., Reinius, M., & Griffiths, P. (2020). Burnout in nursing: a theoretical review. Hum Resour Health, 18, 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00469-9.
Marć, M., Bartosiewicz, R., Burzyńska, J., Chmiel, Z., & Januszewicz, P. (2018). A nursing shortage – a prospect of global and local policies. International Nursing Review, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12473.
NSI Nursing Solutions. (2021). 2021 NSI National Health Care Retention & RN Staffing Report. NSI Nursing Solutions, Inc.
Wada, Y. (2020). Discuss reasons for acute and chronic problems with the crisis of nursing shortage in relation to nursing education and review The Strategies and. Nursing & Primary Care, 4(4), 1-4. https://www.scivisionpub.com/pdfs/discuss-reasons-for-acute-and-chronic-problems-with-the-crisis-of-nursing-shortage-in-relation-to-nursing-education-and-review-the-1337.pdf.
Zahoor, H., & Mustafa, N. (2020). Training and development and health workers’ motivation and performance. Intraders.
A Sample Answer 4 For the Assignment: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
Title: NURS 6053 Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue Walden
The topic of nursing shortages has been going on for so long and many healthcare industries need to seriously address the issue because it has been going on for too many years. I agree with what you have shared about how it contributes to poor patient care, low retention, increased infections, and people leaving to get a higher education. In fact, working on medical-surgical floors with high nurse-patient ratios is one of the reasons why I have chosen to pursue an FNP degree. There has also been a time that I left a job because I had 8 patients on a medical-surgical floor and was a charge nurse at the same time. I did experience burnout. There are some times on the floor when I was not able to tend to a patient for hours due to unforeseen circumstances with other patients. Fortunately, they were independent patients and did not need me so much. It is embarrassing when you go to a room of patient after trying to get to their room and have to apologize for getting to them late. This also increases risk of falls when you have a high nurse-patient ratio and are unable to get to them in a timely manner. It is so difficult when you are trying to be the best at your job but ratios make it difficult to be.
Broome & Marshall (2021) share how turnover is so common in the healthcare industries and nurses leave after only being on a job for one year. Nursing shortages cause nurses to not be happy on their jobs, leading to a well-being that is poor and as a result, they are not engaged (Jacobs et al., 2018). They become negative about working and unfortunately, this affects the patient care experience (Jacobs et al., 2018). It is so sad that many facilities do not address the needs of nurses and as you say, listen to their concerns, and just simply lower the nurse patient ratios to make it easier.
There are a few times since I have been on my travel assignment where I presently work and I have four to five patients. There is more peace, I can get more work done, and I am more attentive to my patients. I feel better and the patients feel better and more attended to. I can also monitor for anything unusual and act on it quickly.
Thank you for sharing.
Grading Rubric
| Performance Category | 100% or highest level of performance
100% 16 points |
Very good or high level of performance
88% 14 points |
Acceptable level of performance
81% 13 points |
Inadequate demonstration of expectations
68% 11 points |
Deficient level of performance
56% 9 points
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Failing level
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| Total Points Possible= 50 | 16 Points | 14 Points | 13 Points | 11 Points | 9 Points | 0 Points |
| Scholarliness
Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic topics. |
Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements:
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Presentation of information was minimally demonstrated in all of the following elements:
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| Application of Course Knowledge
Demonstrate the ability to analyze and apply principles, knowledge and information learned in the outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations |
Presentation of information was exceptional and included all of the following elements:
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| Interactive Dialogue
Initial post should be a minimum of 300 words (references do not count toward word count) The peer and instructor responses must be a minimum of 150 words each (references do not count toward word count) Responses are substantive and relate to the topic. |
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| Grammar, Syntax, APA
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| Due Date Requirements | Demonstrated all of the following:
A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT. |
Demonstrates one or less of the following.
A minimum of one peer and one instructor responses are to be posted within the course no later than Sunday, 11:59 pm MT. |