NURS 6050 Discussion: Healthcare Program Design and Implementation
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Title: NURS 6050 Discussion: Healthcare Program Design and Implementation
Healthcare disparities have an adverse effect on the health and wellbeing of the populations. Disparities in health refer to factors that affect the access to and utilization of healthcare services by the population. It also refers to the disproportionate prevalence or impact of a disease in a population due to factors such as socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Significant disparities exist on health issues such as colorectal cancer in the US. For example, the existing evidence shows that the existence of ethnic disparities as seen from the prevalence and severity of colorectal cancer among ethnicities. Therefore, this paper reviews the aspect of disparities in colorectal cancer among African Americans and proposed legislation to address the disparities in the USA.
Disparities
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of mortalities in the US. It is ranked as the second leading cause of cancer-related mortalities and the third most common cancer in both women and men in the USA. Colorectal cancer affects African Americans disproportionately. According to evidence from studies, the prevalence of colorectal cancer among African Americans is the highest when compared to other ethnicities in the United States. The incidence rate of the disease among African Americans is also reported to be more than 20% higher than that seen in whites (White & Itzkowitz, 2020). The difference in the incidence rate also extends to the mortality rate, where African Americans have the highest level in the USA. The highest rate of colorectal cancer among African Americans is attributed to factors such as access and utilization of preventive services. The existing evidence shows that most of the African Americans experience barriers in accessing the care that they need in the early management of colorectal cancer (Augustus & Ellis, 2018). The uptake of preventive services such as screening among them is also low. As a result, most of the affected populations present to the hospital with advanced stages of colorectal cancer, which often lead to poorer health outcomes (May et al., 2017).
Proposed Legislation
In response to the widening disparities in the impact of colorectal cancer, Congress has proposed a policy initiative to raise
awareness and reducing the impacts of the disease in African Americans. Congress has proposed the raising awareness of the racial disparities in the impact of colorectal cancer on the Black community to improve equity in health. The bill was drafted early this year in March and has been referred to the House of Committee on Energy and Commerce. The policy recognizes that African Americans experience the worst disparities in prevalence and access to colorectal cancer care in the US. The wide disparities have led to poorer health outcomes among the African Americans, which threaten the realization of HealtyPeople 2030 goals. The bill therefore proposes a number of interventions that include strengthening the recognition of the deadly impact of colorectal cancer on African American people and the existence of racial disparities African Americans experience in dealing with colorectal cancer. The bill also encourages CDC to expand their efforts into the identification of factors contributing to disparities in racial screening and develop responsive interventions, encourage African Americans to utilize screening services, and adopt measures for covering the costs of colorectal screening for the younger African American population (Congress.gov, 2021).
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Conclusion
Significant disparities exist in colorectal cancer among African Americans. African Americans have the highest rate of colorectal cancer with poorer outcomes when compared to other ethnicities. The congress has proposed a bill that seeks to address the disparities by raising awareness about the disease in African American populations. The bill will promote equity in healthcare, hence, the health and wellbeing of the American populations.
References
Augustus, G. J., & Ellis, N. A. (2018). Colorectal Cancer Disparity in African Americans: Risk Factors and Carcinogenic Mechanisms. The American Journal of Pathology, 188(2), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.023
Congress.gov, B. (2021, March 16). Text – H.Res.242 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Raising awareness of the racial disparities in the impact of colorectal cancer on the Black community. (2021/2022) [Legislation]. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/242/text
May, F. P., Glenn, B. A., Crespi, C. M., Ponce, N., Spiegel, B. M. R., & Bastani, R. (2017). Decreasing Black-White Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Stage at Presentation in the United States. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 26(5), 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0834
White, P. M., & Itzkowitz, S. H. (2020). Barriers Driving Racial Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening in African Americans. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 22(8), 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-020-00776-0
When politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society. One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.
In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.
To Prepare:
• Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.
• Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.
• Support your writing with at least three current, credible sources (including one of the course readings).
Required Readings
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Chapter 5, “Public Policy Design†(pp. 87–95 only)
• Chapter 8, “The Impact of EHRs, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice†(pp. 137–146)
• Chapter 9, “Interprofessional Practice†(pp. 152–160 only)
• Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care†(pp. 183–191 only)
American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.). Advocacy. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Step by step: Evaluating violence and injury prevention policies: Brief 4: Evaluating policy implementation. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf
Congress.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.congress.gov/
Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996). The challenge of innovation implementation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055–1080. doi:10.5465/AMR.1996.9704071863
Sacristán, J., & Dilla, T. D. (2015). No big data without small data: Learning health care systems begin and end with the individual patient. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1014–1017.
Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014). Policy implementation, street level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretion. Public Management Review, 16(4), 527–547.