PSY 5110 Week 6 - Assignment: Evaluate News Articles -

PSY 5110 Week 6 – Assignment: Evaluate News Articles

PSY 5110 Week 6 – Assignment Evaluate News Articles

Research plays an important role in improving people’s lives, especially research related to health. In most cases, the output of such research efforts is reported by journalists who tend to use non-technical language so that the audience can understand. However, one mistake journalists usually make is conflating correlation with causation when reporting such results (Goldin, 2015). While it may look easy to distinguish between correlation and causation, the two are usually confusing and hence need an adequate understanding. Correlation studies usually help people know how two factors or variables are correlated; hence people can have insights into various aspects of important things such as health. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze three news articles reporting results from correlation studies for a general audience and analyze the results following various questions.

Analysis of the News Articles

One of the news articles is an article authored by Rauf (2020) with the title “ Don’t just sit there: A little exercise makes up for a full day of sitting. This article reports that sitting for long periods of time can be detrimental to someone’s life, hence a need for physical activity. The news article reported the findings of a study done in 2017, and it reports that a direct relationship was found between sedentary time and early death. The news also reports that a short amount of experience each day can negate the potentially harmful effect of sedentary life. The article reported that exercise could be important during the holidays as deaths from heart attacks have been found to be at their peak during December and January and that regular exercise can take many forms.

The major variable discussed in the research includes physical exercise, heart attack, death, and risk of premature death. The news article presents the results of the correlation analysis in a narrative manner, as no statistical terms or representations have been used. For example, the article just states that researchers have found a direct relationship between excessive sedentary time and early death (Rauf, 2020). The author presents results in a causal manner; for example, one of the statements is that sitting for long periods of time can take years off a person’s life. The author has described several variables which may adequately cover the possible relationship between lack of exercise and poorer health outcomes. Therefore, no additional variable can be added.

Based on my knowledge of correlational research, it makes sense to make a lifestyle change based on the research presented in the article. For example, the results show that lack of physical exercise causes early death. However, it is a correlation hence individuals living sedentary can make life changes such as engagement in physical exercise to reduce and lower the chances of conditions that may cause premature death. The results reported in the original article indicate that the news article reported the results partially but accurately. For example, the original research indicated that longer sedentary bout duration and greater sedentary time were both associated with a more enhanced risk for all-cause mortality (Diaz et al.,2017).

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The next new article was authored by Upham (2023), entitled “ Afternoon workouts may yield the most benefits for longevity.”

According to this study, workout exercise carried out in the afternoon reduces the risk of early death more than physical activity in the morning. In addition, non-medication approaches such as physical activity can make a big difference in an individual’s health. Again this news article reports that moderate to vigorous activity is associated with a decreased likelihood of dying from cancer or cardiovascular diseases. As part of the research, they found that the reduced risk of heart disease death with afternoon workouts was stronger in men, individuals with preexisting heart diseases, less active individuals, and the elderly. The observation of the benefits of afternoon exercise was associated with circadian rhythms (Upham, 2023). The article also reports that morning exercise may be more appropriate for burning fat.

The variables discussed in this research include morning exercise, afternoon exercise, evening exercise, fat burning, and risk of death. The results of the correlation analyses have also been presented in narrative format, as the authors did not include aspects such as the p-value and other statistical aspects(Upham, 2023). The author also presents the result as causal. For example, afternoon exercise leads to a lower risk of premature death. One additional variable that could be added to the study is exercise intensity which describes how demanding the exercise is. This could help in gaining an insight if the exercise intensity also has an effect. Based on my knowledge of correlational research, individuals can adjust their exercise hours to enjoy the reported benefits of afternoon exercise. After reading the primary source article, it is evident that the news article represented the research conducted accurately (Upham, 2023). For example, the article reported that engaging in afternoon exercise was associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality.

The next news article was authored by Henderson (2023) with the title “cardio boosts immunity: Regular aerobic exercise slashes the risk of death from flu and pneumonia.” According to this news article, regular aerobic exercise, also known as cardio, is associated with a substantially lower risk of death from pneumonia or flu, even when done at weekly levels lower than the recommended levels. However, there are exercise levels where the benefits do not improve anymore, or harmful effects may result. The article also reports that physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise maintains good health and wards off serious illness. The article discussed various variables, including aerobic exercise, muscle-strengthening activities, and risk of death from various conditions such as pneumonia and flu (Henderson, 2023). The results of the correlation analyses were also presented in a narrative form, as in the previous cases. The author did not include any statistical terms which may be difficult to interpret for a general audience. The other does not present the results in a causal manner. For example, as part of the reporting, the author indicates that regular aerobic exercise is linked to a significantly lower risk of death from pneumonia or flu. As such, there is no report that exercise causes a lower risk of death from pneumonia or flu. The author has covered relevant variables that could be used to achieve the objective of the study; hence no need for additional variables.

Based on my knowledge about correlational research, it makes sense to make lifestyle changes based on the research presented. For example, when individuals take part in the recommended levels of exercise, then they have a higher chance of experiencing a lower risk of death due to pneumonia or flu (Henderson, 2023). This news article has also accurately reported the findings of the study as reported in the primary article.

Conclusion

Correlation research is useful in helping individuals learn about important aspects, especially those concerning their health. Therefore, the results of such findings should be put in a way that many people can understand them. However, there is a need to be careful so that while reporting the results in simple language, no mistakes of misreporting are committed. The write-up has explored a total of three news articles that reported findings of correlational studies. One of the observations is that the authors reported near-perfect results as presented in the primary sources.

PSY 5110 Week 6 – Assignment: Evaluate News Articles References

Diaz, K. M., Howard, V. J., Hutto, B., Colabianchi, N., Vena, J. E., Safford, M. M., … & Hooker, S. P. (2017). Patterns of sedentary behavior and mortality in US middle-aged and older adults: a national cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(7), 465–475. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0212

Goldin, R. (2015). Causation vs. Correlation. https://senseaboutscienceusa.org/causation-vs-correlation/

Henderson. (2023). Cardio boosts immunity: Regular aerobic exercise slashes risk of death from flu and pneumonia. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230517/Cardio-boosts-immunity-Regular-aerobic-exercise-slashes-risk-of-death-from-flu-and-pneumonia.aspx

Rauf D. (2020). Don’t just sit there: A little exercise make up for a full day of sitting https://www.everydayhealth.com/fitness/dont-just-sit-there-a-little-exercise-makes-up-for-a-full-day-of-sitting/

Upham B. (2020). Afternoon workouts may yield the most benefits for longevity.https://www.everydayhealth.com/fitness/scheduling-your-workouts-in-the-afternoon-may-yield-the-most-benefits-for-longevity/#:~:text=Afternoon%20Exercisers%20Had%20a%20Lower,%2C%20heart%20disease%2C%20and%20cancer.

For this task, you will read three news articles intended for a general audience reporting the results from correlational studies. You can find the links to these articles under your weekly resources. For each of the articles, you will answer the following questions and provide justifications for your answers:

Provide a brief summary of the topic of the article.

Determine which variables are the focus of the research.

Describe how the results of the correlational analyses are presented.

Does the author of the article present the results as causal? In other words, does the author make statements that one variable causes the other?

Can you think of any additional variables that were not included in this study that may be important to consider? Please describe the variables.

Based on what you know about correlational research, does it make sense to make lifestyle changes based on the research presented in this article? Please explain your answer.

Use one of the news articles to locate, and then read the primary source article in the NCU library. Did the news article accurately represent the research conducted? Please explain your answer.

Length:4-5 pages

Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.

Sirkin, R. N. (2006). Statistics for the Social Sciences. (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:

Rauf, D. (2020, November 27). Don’t just sit there: A little exercise makes up for a full day of sitting. Everyday Health.

https://www.everydayhealth.com/fitness/dont-just-sit-there-a-little-exercise-makes-up-for-a-full-day-of-sitting/

Goldin, R. (2015). Causation vs Correlation.

https://senseaboutscienceusa.org/causation-vs-correlation/

As we begin this session, I would like to take this opportunity to clarify my expectations for this course:

Please note that GCU Online weeks run from Thursday (Day 1) through Wednesday (Day 7).

Course Room Etiquette:

It is my expectation that all learners will respect the thoughts and ideas presented in the discussions.
All postings should be presented in a respectful, professional manner. Remember – different points of view add richness and depth to the course!

Office Hours:

My office hours vary so feel free to shoot me an email at Kelly.[email protected] or my office phone is 602.639.6517 and I will get back to you within one business day or as soon as possible.
Phone appointments can be scheduled as well. Send me an email and the best time to call you, along with your phone number to make an appointment.
I welcome all inquiries and questions as we spend this term together. My preference is that everyone utilizes the Questions to Instructor forum. In the event your question is of a personal nature, please feel free to post in the Individual Questions for Instructor forum I will respond to all posts or emails within 24 or sooner.

Late Policy and Grading Policy

Discussion questions:

I do not mark off for late DQ’s.
I would rather you take the time to read the materials and respond to the DQ’s in a scholarly way, demonstrating your understanding of the materials.
I will not accept any DQ submissions after day 7, 11:59 PM (AZ Time) of the week.
Individual written assignments – due by 11:59 PM AZ Time Zone on the due dates indicated for each class deliverable.

Assignments:

Assignments turned in after their specified due dates are subject to a late penalty of -10%, each day late, of the available credit. Please refer to the student academic handbook and GCU policy.
Any activity or assignment submitted after the due date will be subject to GCU’s late policy
Extenuating circumstances may justify exceptions, which are at my sole discretion. If an extenuating circumstance should arise, please contact me privately as soon as possible.
No assignments can be accepted for grading after midnight on the final day of class.
All assignments will be graded in accordance with the Assignment Grading Rubrics

Participation

Participation in each week’s Discussion Board forum accounts for a large percentage of your final grade in this course.
Please review the Course Syllabus for a comprehensive overview of course deliverables and the value associated with each.
It is my expectation that each of you will substantially contribute to the course discussion forums and respond to the posts of at least three other learners.
A substantive post should be at least 200 words. Responses such as “great posts” or “I agree” do not meet the active engagement expectation.
Please feel free to draw on personal examples as you develop your responses to the Discussion Questions but you do need to demonstrate your understanding of the materials.
I do expect outside sources as well as class materials to formulate your post.
APA format is not necessary for DQ responses, but I do expect a proper citation for references.
Please use peer-related journals found through the GCU library and/or class materials to formulate your answers. Do not try to “Google” DQ’s as I am looking for class materials and examples from the weekly materials.
I will not accept responses that are from Wikipedia, Business dictionary.com, or other popular business websites. You will not receive credit for generic web searches – this does not demonstrate graduate-level research.
Stay away from the use of personal pronouns when writing. As a graduate student, you are expected to write based on research and gathering of facts. Demonstrating your understanding of the materials is what you will be graded on. You will be marked down for lack of evidence to support your ideas.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of claiming credit for another’s work, accomplishments, or ideas without appropriate acknowledgment of the source of the information by including in-text citations and references.
This course requires the utilization of APA format for all course deliverables as noted in the course syllabus.
Whether this happens deliberately or inadvertently, whenever plagiarism has occurred, you have committed a Code of Conduct violation.
Please review your LopesWrite report prior to final submission.
Every act of plagiarism, no matter the severity, must be reported to the GCU administration (this includes your DQ’s, posts to your peers, and your papers).

Plagiarism includes:

Representing the ideas, expressions, or materials of another without due credit.
Paraphrasing or condensing ideas from another person’s work without proper citation and referencing.
Failing to document direct quotations without proper citation and referencing.
Depending upon the amount, severity, and frequency of the plagiarism that is committed, students may receive in-class penalties that range from coaching (for a minor omission), -20% grade penalties for resubmission, or zero credit for a specific assignment. University-level penalties may also occur, including suspension or even expulsion from the University.
If you are at all uncertain about what constitutes plagiarism, you should review the resources available in the Student Success Center. Also, please review the University’s policies about plagiarism which are covered in more detail in the GCU Catalog and the Student Handbook.
We will be utilizing the GCU APA Style Guide 7th edition located in the Student Success Center > The Writing Center for all course deliverables.

LopesWrite

All course assignments must be uploaded to the specific Module Assignment Drop Box, and also submitted to LopesWrite every week.
Please ensure that your assignment is uploaded to both locations under the Assignments DropBox. Detailed instructions for using LopesWrite are located in the Student Success Center.

Assignment Submissions

Please note that Microsoft Office is the software requirement at GCU.
I can open Word files or any file that is saved with a .rtf (Rich Text Format) extension. I am unable to open .wps files.
If you are using a “.wps” word processor, please save your files using the .rtf extension that is available from the drop-down box before uploading your files to the Assignment Drop Box.

Grade of Incomplete

The final grade of Incomplete is granted at the discretion of the instructor; however, students must meet certain specific criteria before this grade accommodation is even possible to consider.
The grade of Incomplete is reserved for times when students experience a serious extenuating circumstance or a crisis during the last week of class which prevents the completion of course requirements before the close of the grading period. Students also must pass the course at the time the request is made.
Please contact me personally if you are having difficulties in meeting course requirements or class deadlines during our time together. In addition, if you are experiencing personal challenges or difficulties, it is best to contact the Academic Counselor so that you can discuss the options that might be available to you, as well as each option’s academic and financial repercussions.

Grade Disputes

If you have any questions about a grade you have earned on an individual assignment or activity, please get in touch with me personally for further clarification.
While I have made every attempt to grade you fairly, on occasion a misunderstanding may occur, so please allow me the opportunity to learn your perspective if you believe this has occurred. Together, we should be able to resolve grading issues on individual assignments.
However, after we have discussed individual assignments’ point scores, if you still believe that the final grade you have earned at the end of the course is not commensurate with the quality of work you produced for this class, there is a formal Grade Grievance procedure which is outlined in the GCU Catalog and Student Handbook.